THE COLLEGE

John D. Wilson, A.M. (Oxon.), Ph.D.
President of the University

John W. Elrod, Ph.D.
Dean of the College

William Lad Sessions, Ph.D.
Associate Dean of the College


(faculty listing omitted)


PURPOSES OF THE COLLEGE

The purposes of the College are several: to provide the
essentials of a liberal education to all undergraduates before they
separate into their fields of specialization; to offer courses and
majors leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of
Science; to encourage independent work and scholarly investigation;
and to present courses preliminary to professional training in such
fields as engineering, journalism, law, and medicine.
All freshmen in the University are members of the College.
Their work will be taken in those studies which, in the opinion of
the faculty, provide the fundamentals of a liberal education. The
prescriptions of this first year make possible an intelligent
freedom in later years of study and a wise choice of a major field.
During the May registration for the fall term of their sophomore
year, all freshmen who wish to enter the School of Commerce,
Economics, and Politics will register in the office of the dean of
that school. All other freshmen will consult with their faculty
advisers in the selection of their courses for their sophomore
year.
The aim of the work of the first two years is the achievement
of breadth; the work of the junior and senior years is directed
toward the mastery of a particular study. Students who expect to
receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts will do their major work in
the liberal arts and humanities, the social sciences, or the
natural sciences; the student who expects to receive the degree of
Bachelor of Science will take specialized work in the natural
sciences.
The College offers the Bachelor of Arts degree, the Bachelor
of Science degree, and the Bachelor of Science degree with Special
Attainments in Chemistry. A student may work toward either a B.A.
with a major in a single department, or a B.A. in an
interdepartmental grouping or in Independent Work. A student may
also work toward a B.S. in biology, chemistry,
chemistry-engineering, geology, mathematics, physics-engineering,
psychology, interdepartmental natural sciences and mathematics, or
in Independent Work, or the B.S. with Special Attainments in
Chemistry. Interdepartmental majors are planned to provide
concentration in a field rather than in a single department.
A major in Independent Work, leading to a B.A. or B.S., is
available to students who before the beginning of their junior year
receive special permission from the Committee on Courses and
Degrees. (See "Major in Independent Work.") The work may be in the
humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences, or any
combination of these fields. There are also combined-plan programs
in engineering in cooperation with Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Washington University and Columbia University, and a
combined plan program in forestry in cooperation with Duke
University.



THE BACCALAUREATE DEGREE

The curriculum at Washington and Lee University permits
students flexibility and individual responsibility in their choice
of courses. With the help of a faculty adviser, students choose a
series of courses that will lead them along one of several routes
to a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree.
A student qualifies for a degree by completing the following
requirements of the Faculty:
1. The General Education Requirements (see "General
Education Requirements," page 73). These will usually be met during
the freshman and sophomore years.
2. A minimum of 121 credits with passing grades, including
1 credit (5 courses) for 100- and 200-level work in physical
education. A student must achieve at least the following cumulative
grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and
Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree
requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole and
in the major subject.
3. 30 to 50 credits in a "major." Majors may be
departmental, interdepartmental, independent, or in one of the
special programs. (See "The Major.") The work of the major, both as
a whole and in the major subject, must be completed with a
grade-point average of 2.0 or better.
THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE

The candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts must, before
graduation, complete the following requirements of the faculty:
1. A student must submit a minimum of 121 credits (See "The
Baccalaureate Degree") with passing grades, including 1 credit (5
courses) for 100- and 200-level work in physical education. A
student must achieve at least the following cumulative grade-point
averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.0 on
all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree requirements; and
2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole and in the major
subject.
2. A distribution of courses according to the specifications
given under "General Education Requirements."
3. The work in a major as outlined by the department or
interdepartmental program concerned.
The student may elect to meet these requirements of the B.A.
degree in conjunction with first-year law at Washington and Lee.

THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE

The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred upon those
students who have completed a course of study with concentration
(50 credits) in the field of the natural sciences, mathematics, and
computer science, and who have fulfilled the above requirements of
the faculty. The degree is designed for those who are attracted by
scientific work, whether or not their plans involve its direct
application, and for those who intend to pursue graduate study in
certain scientific fields.
Students should seek advice from a member of the appropriate
departments in planning their schedules. Opportunities for
concentration include biology, chemistry, chemistry-engineering,
computer science, geology, geophysics, mathematics, physics,
physics-engineering, psychology, or the interdepartmental major in
the natural sciences and mathematics.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH SPECIAL ATTAINMENTS IN CHEMISTRY

The requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with
Special Attainments in Chemistry are flexible enough to meet the
needs of all undergraduate students who are seriously interested in
chemistry. The curriculum affords an excellent basis for graduate
work, either with a view to teaching or research, or for chemical
engineering. It also provides the full training ordinarily expected
of college graduates at the bachelor's level who seek positions as
chemists in industry. Upon satisfactory completion of this course
of study, the student is offered associate membership status in the
American Chemical Society. (See Chemistry in the "Courses of
Study.")

THE FRESHMAN YEAR

Entering freshmen are expected to select courses which will
enable them to begin satisfying the general education requirements,
to explore possibilities for a major and, perhaps, to continue
study in a field of special interest to them. To assist in the
selection of courses, freshmen are assigned faculty advisers with
whom they confer during the first week of the academic session and
who remain available for consultation until a major is chosen. In
certain fields placement tests will be offered on an optional basis
to entering freshmen, and their results, along with any advanced
placement reports, will be used in determining the level of work
which should be pursued.
In choosing courses freshmen should consider that the skills
in mathematics and language study they have acquired may
deteriorate if they do not continue work in them immediately. They
should also be sure to take the courses prerequisite to later work
they desire. If they are interested in working for the degree of
Bachelor of Science or for the Bachelor of Arts with a major in
science, including premedical work, they should register for
mathematics and science in their freshman year. Chemistry is
required for majors in biology, chemistry or chemistry-engineering,
and for those planning careers in medicine. Physics 108, 109 is the
normal choice for freshmen intending to major in physics or
physics-engineering. Students planning to major in geology or
related earth sciences should take geology, and chemistry or
physics. Students planning to major in biology should, if
qualified, take both chemistry and biology in the freshman
year. Students planning to major in commerce and economics are
advised to take mathematics; those planning to major in politics
are advised to take statistics. All students, in planning their
first year, should examine the requirements for any major of
potential interest listed under "Courses of Study."
Students considering graduate work should consult their
advisers with regard to possible language and mathematics
requirements for advanced degrees.


GENERAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS

The goals of a liberal education include both breadth of
knowledge (general education) and competency in a specialized
discipline or field of knowledge (the major). The general education
component seeks to expose students to various modes of thought and
to the variety of ideas and values in today's world. Students need
to demonstrate particular proficiencies to assure their general
education and have a reasonable degree of choice in making course
selections to meet these requirements. In every case the
requirement can be satisfied by students' placement examinations or
by taking a course or courses. No single course may satisfy more
than one general education requirement. The requirements are:

1. English Composition.
The English department will assess the proficiency of
entering students by a placement examination. The most proficient
will be exempt from the composition requirement. Others may
demonstrate their proficiency by completing successfully one of the
following courses_English 101 or 105.

2. Foreign Language.
Entering students who demonstrate, on placement tests
administered by the language departments, that they are qualified
to enter third-year language courses have met this foreign language
requirement. All others may meet it by completing satisfactorily
one of the following courses_Chinese 262, French 152 or 162, German
262, Greek 202, Italian 152, Japanese 262, Latin 202, Russian 262,
or Spanish 152 or 162.

3. Literature.
To meet this requirement a student must take two courses
(6 credits of work) from among the following:
a. all courses listed under the title Literature in
Translation.
b. Chinese 301.
c. Classics 201, 202, 300 (History 300).
d. English_all 200- and 300-level courses except 201,
203, 204, 301, 303, 307, 308, 370, 385, and 386.
e. French 262 and all 300-level courses.
f. German_all 300-level courses except 301, 311, 312,
321, and 325. German 321 is acceptable if the
subject is literary.
g. Greek_all 300-level courses except 307 and 308.
h. Japanese 311, 312.
i. Latin_all 300-level courses.
j. Religion 206 (Literature in Translation 206).
k. Russian 315.
l. Spanish 207, 208, and all 300-level courses.
m. 400-level courses in Chinese, Italian, and Japanese
if the subject matter is literary.

4. Fine Arts, History, Philosophy, and Religion.
A student must take at least 12 credits from at least two
of the following four areas:
a. Fine Arts_Classics 200 and 287, and all art courses
below the 400 level; all music courses below the
400 level except Music 100, 101, 108, 109, 110,
112, 113, 114, 117 and the applied music courses;
and all theatre courses below the 400 level except
Theatre 142, 242 and 397.
b. History_all courses below the 400 level except
History 190.
c. Philosophy_Classics 221, Greek 302 and all
philosophy courses below the 400 level except
Philosophy 305.
d. Religion_Sociology 221 and all religion courses
below the 400 level except Religion 200 and 206.

5. Science and Mathematics.
A student is required to complete 10 credits in science
and mathematics, including at least 4 credits of laboratory science
from requirement "5a" and a course chosen from requirement "5b"
below:
a. Laboratory science courses
Biology 100, 110, or 170
Chemistry 100, 101, or 102 and 103
Geology 100 or 101
Physics 101, 108, 109, 150, or 151
b. Mathematics 101, 121, Computer Science 101, 110
c. Additional courses in mathematics or science used
to complete this requirement:

Any of the courses above not used to
meet requirement "5a" or "5b"
Biology 171, 172, 210, 212
Chemistry 102, 104, 105, 106, 122
Computer Science 111
Engineering 160
Geology 102, 104, 120, 135, 145, 146,
147, 160, 195, 201, 210, 220, 230
Mathematics 102, 118, 122
Physics 102, 103, 104, 110
6. Social Sciences.
A student must take at least nine credits from at least
two of the following four areas:
a. Economics 101, 102
b. Politics 101, 102, 103, 111, 203, (Journalism 203),
211, 214, 265
c. Cognitive Science 110, Psychology 111,
112, 113
d. Anthropology 101, 205, 207, Sociology
102, 200 (Religion 200), 202
THE MAJOR

The Bachelor of Arts degree is given with majors in the
following departments and special programs:

Archaeology & Anthropology
Art
Biology
Chemistry
Classics
Cognitive Science
Computer Science
East Asian Studies
Economics
English
Forestry & Environmental Studies (3-2)
French
Geology
Geology-Environmental Studies
German language
German literature
History
Independent Work
Journalism & Mass Communications
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Music
Natural Sciences & Mathematics
Philosophy
Physics
Politics
Psychology
Public Policy
Religion
Romance Languages
Russian Studies
Sociology and Anthropology
Spanish
Theatre


The Bachelor of Science degree is given in the following
departments and special programs:

Biology
Chemistry
Chemistry-Engineering
Chemistry-Engineering (3-2)
Computer Science
Forestry & Environmental Studies (3-2)
Geology
Geophysics
Independent Work
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Natural Sciences & Mathematics
Neuroscience
Physics
Physics-Engineering
Physics-Engineering (3-2)
Psychology


The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Chemistry is a special program designed primarily for those who
wish to pursue graduate work in chemistry or chemistry-engineering.

The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Commerce is given in:

Business Administration
Business Administration and Accounting
Law (3-3)

The requirements for departmental majors are described at the
beginning of the course listings for each department. (See "Courses
of Study.")


Students who wish to follow a program not outlined in this
catalogue may choose an adviser prior to the beginning of their
junior year and present an "independent work major" program for
approval by the Committee on Courses and Degrees. Such a major may
be used for either the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science
degree. Application for an independent major will not be accepted
after the first term of a student's junior year.
Students may major in more than one department by completing
the requirements of each department. Those who find a double major
more attractive should recognize the costs in constrained breadth
of education (i.e. fewer electives) and consider the option of a
secondary emphasis without fulfilling formally the requirements of
a second major.

DECLARATION AND CHANGE
OF MAJOR

When a student decides upon a major, he or she works out a
course of study with the head of that department. A student who
elects more than one major must work out a course of study with the
heads of departments involved. When majors involve two different
schools or two different degrees, the University Registrar must be
informed of the student's preference as to school and degree. This
must be done by the time of registration for the fall term of the
student's junior year, at which time a "Declaration of Major and
Adviser" form must be filled out and filed in the University
Registrar's Office. Failure to do so constitutes incomplete
registration and will be subject to a late registration fee. Each
subsequent registration week the student confers with his or her
adviser(s) on progress toward the major(s) and makes any
appropriate revisions.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the
catalogue, the faculty may change the requirements to satisfy any
major after a student has commenced studies at the University. In
this case, the student, upon declaring a major, may be required to
satisfy the major requirements as revised.
Change of major requires approval of the head of the new
department on a "Declaration of Major and Adviser" form. After the
spring term of the student's junior year and before the beginning
of the winter term of the senior year, a student may change majors
only with permission of the Faculty Executive Committee. Thereafter
the student may not change his or her declared major (or the degree
of which that major is a component), except that a student with two
or more majors may drop all but one with permission of the
Committee if that student has not failed a comprehensive
examination.

MAJOR IN INDEPENDENT WORK

Students who are making satisfactory progress toward a degree
(i.e., not on academic probation) and who believe they would
benefit educationally from a major not outlined in this catalogue
may prepare a proposal for a major of independent work. The Dean of
the College has guidelines and forms for preparing such a proposal.
Working with faculty advisers from at least two disciplines, the
student should develop a clear and coherent plan of study that
promises benefits unobtainable from an established major. The
program should consist of 30 to 50 credits and must be the only
major the student is pursuing. The proposal should be submitted to
the Committee on Courses and Degrees prior to the beginning of the
junior year but in no case later than October 15th of the junior
year. Once approval is granted, any subsequent changes must be
approved by the Committee on Courses and Degrees.
Students majoring in independent work are allowed to apply for
an honors program. The major will be noted on transcripts as, for
example, "Independent Work (Renaissance and Reformation Studies)."

HONORS IN THE MAJOR

In order to encourage independent work and scholarly
investigation by students and to foster their intellectual
curiosity, a number of departments have established programs
leading to a degree "with honors" in the major. Such programs
provide an enhancement of the regular program for departmental
majors and also of interdepartmental and independent majors.
Featuring a special profundity and intensity, and characterized by
a close rapport between student and mentor, the honors programs are
designed as an enrichment opportunity for students who demonstrate
superior aptitude and self-discipline in the pursuit of their major
study.
Descriptions of the honors programs of individual departments
may be obtained from the department heads. Interested students
should make inquiry by the time of declaration of major, in order
to identify any special admission requirements or related standards
that have been set by the department for its particular honors
program.
Participants in the University Scholars program, in meeting
the requirements of that special program, are expected to undertake
honors work in their chosen major. Accordingly, a University
Scholar when selecting a major should consult with the department
head about the criteria for admission and for successful completion
of the departmental honors program, and should make application at
the appropriate time. (See "University Scholars.")

Admission into Honors Work

A prospective honors student applies in writing to the
departmental head or major adviser. In general, application must be
made by May 1 of the junior year; in certain departments, earlier
application is required (often to accommodate special course work
in the junior year).
In all departments, admission into honors work is subject to
availability of advisory staff and assessment of the individual's
ability to profit significantly from the program's special demands.
Minimum eligibility for honors candidacy is a 3.0 cumulative
grade-point average by the time of enrollment in the honors thesis
courses (numbered in the 490s). Many departments have established
additional eligibility requirements for their own honors programs,
such as special academic standing within the department, and these
criteria must also be met.


Requirements for Honors in the Major

All Honors programs require an Honors Thesis during the senior
year, involving 6 credits (no more, no less) of independent work,
such as a significant report based upon field or laboratory
research, a creative accomplishment in the arts, or a comparable
scholarly undertaking demonstrating more than simply a mastery of
subject matter.
The student must begin work on the thesis at the start of the
fall term of the senior year. Background work on the thesis topic
normally is expected to be in progress by the end of the junior
year, and the subject and approach for the thesis should already be
established before the start of the senior year's thesis work. Work
on the thesis is to be accompanied by periodic conferences with the
adviser and the submitting of interim reports showing the progress
achieved to that point. (Only under extraordinary circumstances_not
general practice_may the thesis work be assigned entirely to a
single term, and in such an instance the student must be prepared
to begin intensive work on the thesis itself by the first week of
the term, the subject and approach already having been established
in preliminary study.)
The final draft of the thesis is due by May 1 (or by the end
of the winter term in certain departments). A permanent copy of the
thesis must be deposited in the University Library.
Remaining credits in the major are gained in regular course
work, honors seminars, internships, directed individual study or
tutorials, or a combination of these as prescribed in the
department's program. Many departments require a comprehensive
examination (written and/or oral) and/or a formal oral presentation
and defense of the completed thesis.
Upon successful completion of an approved honors program, the
student is awarded a bachelor's degree "with honors" in the major,
and, for those also participating as University Scholars, the
additional citation of "University Scholar."
An Honors program may prescribe no more than 3/4 of a normal
course load for a student in the junior and senior years, so that
adequate time for free electives is permitted.

Credits and Grades

Degree credits and grades for the thesis work will be awarded
on completion of the thesis and any honors examinations, in the
manner customary for completed projects and courses. These credits
will be spread over the fall and winter terms of the senior year,
under the rubric 493 (3-3), Honors Thesis.
A student's continuing eligibility as an honors candidate will
be determined by subjecting that student's work to periodic review
based on the level of work to that point.
A student who resigns or is dropped from an honors program
will not ordinarily be readmitted; completed work would in such
cases be translated by the student's advisers into alternate course
credits, with grades, appropriate to a regular major. In this
manner, a student not successfully completing all the requirements
for the honors citation might still be able to graduate with the
class, but without receiving an honors citation.

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONS

A comprehensive examination is given to all seniors majoring
in classics, English, geology (B.S.), and German. The examination
is given on a date in the winter or spring term set in advance by
the department concerned.
Grades given on the examination will be Excellent, Pass, or
Fail. A student receiving a failing grade must re-take and pass the
comprehensive examination before being permitted to graduate.
A student working toward a combination degree (3-3 law or 3-2
forestry) will not take a comprehensive examination.
MAJOR IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE

An interdisciplinary cognitive science major gives students
the opportunity to investigate the nature of the human mind from
the perspectives of computer science, philosophy, and psychology.
The bridge areas of artificial intelligence, logic, linguistics,
and neuroscience are of particular importance in developing models
of the cognitive capacities underlying intelligent behavior.
Memory, language, vision, concept formation, and problem solving
are some of the areas currently under investigation.
The required core curriculum of the cognitive science major
provides a background in computer science, philosophy, and
psychology. Students then choose one of four areas of
specialization for additional course work and a senior thesis:
Formal Systems in Cognitive Science (computer science),
Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Science (philosophy),
Experimental Cognitive Science (psychology), or Cognitive
Neuropsychology (psychology). The senior thesis is an original
research project and may be centered around computer programming,
a written paper, or a laboratory experiment according to the
student's interests and area of specialization. The Bachelor of
Arts degree in cognitive science prepares students for graduate
work in cognitive science, computer science, philosophy, and
psychology, as well as for careers in a range of areas in the
information technology industry.
The Cognitive Science Program faculty includes Lambert
(computer science), Martin, Pemberton, Urbach (philosophy), and
Elmes, Jarrard, Lorig, Margand, and Thompson (psychology). The
University Library has extensive holdings in cognitive science and
the computer science and psychology departments have excellent
facilities for artificial intelligence and laboratory research.
Further information concerning the major may be obtained from
the above faculty or the heads of the Cognitive Science Program
Committee, David Elmes (Tucker Hall) and Ramsey Martin (Newcomb
Hall).

MAJOR IN EAST ASIAN STUDIES

The East Asian Studies major is interdisciplinary and involves
seven departments of the University. It includes work in Chinese or
Japanese, as well as courses in a wide variety of fields to
introduce the student to the civilizations of China and Japan. The
student should begin language work as early as possible, preferably
in the freshman year, since proficiency in one of the languages is
both a requirement for the major and vital preparation for study
abroad. Depending upon the language selected, the student usually
focuses on either China or Japan.
East Asian Studies majors are strongly urged to participate in
Washington and Lee's study and exchange programs in China and
Japan. Adjustments in the major requirements will be made where
necessary to allow the student to take advantage of these
opportunities. Non-language spring term programs are also offered
in China and Japan.
The major is encouraged to apply for selection as an exchange
student at Chung Chi College of The Chinese University of Hong Kong
(academic year program), at Rikkyo University in Tokyo (academic
year program), or at The Kansai University of Foreign Studies near
Kyoto (for one or two semesters). Prior study of Chinese is not
required, but is recommended for the Hong Kong program; elementary
Japanese is recommended for both programs in Japan.
By arrangement with the University of Massachusetts,
Washington and Lee students who have had two years of Chinese (one
year for the summer program alone) and a 3.0 cumulative grade-point
average may study Chinese for the summer at Tunghai University in
Taiwan and/or may spend one or two semesters at Tunghai, at Beijing
Normal University, or at Shaanxi Normal University (People's
Republic of China). Students in these programs pay University of
Massachusetts fees. Participation requires prior consultation with
the head of the East Asian Studies committee.
Modest financial aid may be available for study in Asia.
Students accepted for study at Rikkyo University may apply for the
Rikkyo University International Scholarship.
The East Asian Studies faculty includes O'Mara (art), Hill
(Chinese), Smitka (economics), Jeans (history), Rogers and Ujie
(Japanese), Sessions (philosophy), Handelman (politics), and Davis
(religion).
Further information concerning the major, the possibility of
its combination with other majors, and opportunities to study
abroad may be obtained from the head of the East Asian Studies
Committee, Ann T. Rogers, East Asian Language Center.

MAJOR IN NATURAL SCIENCES
AND MATHEMATICS

The Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree is awarded
subject to meeting graduation requirements of the University,
including the following:
1. The general education requirements for all students.
2. One year of mathematics, including Mathematics 101, 102
or higher courses. Any mathematics elected in the categories below
must be in advance of this requirement.
3. Major Concentration: 36 credits in natural sciences
(biology, chemistry, geology, or physics) and mathematics
distributed as shown below. Courses meeting this requirement are
the equivalent of courses taken in a major department with respect
to regulations concerning summer school courses.
A. 16 credits in one department. This department will
ordinarily provide the student's adviser.
B. 12 credits in another department.
C. 8 credits, the introductory sequence, in a third
department.
4. Cognate Requirements: 14 additional credits in the above
departments or engineering. Within University limitations courses
fulfilling this requirement may be taken in summer school.

MAJOR IN NEUROSCIENCE

An interdisciplinary major leading to a Bachelor of Science
degree in neuroscience is available to interested students. The
central theme of neuroscience is an understanding of the structure
and function of the brain and how it is involved in controlling
behavior. Thus, the area draws heavily from biology, chemistry,
psychology, mathematics, and the computational sciences. The major
in neuroscience is intended to prepare students to pursue graduate
studies in the biomedical sciences, including graduate training in
neuroscience, biology, chemistry, and psychology, as well as
medical school.
The requirements for a major in neuroscience are described on
page 163, but generally involve courses from the departments of
biology, chemistry, physics/engineering, and psychology. An
essential element of the neuroscience program at Washington and Lee
is the opportunity for the student to become involved in laboratory
research, and each maintains a research laboratory. Part of the
requirement of the major is that the student be involved in
research with a relevant faculty member. While the areas of
research may differ from year to year, they generally include
neurochemical research on mechanisms of neural excitation,
involvement of the brain in learning and memory, preparation of
neurotoxic agents for possible use in insect control, and
evaluation of electrical activity recorded from human brains.
The Neuroscience Program faculty includes Russell, Simurda,
and Wielgus (biology), Alty (chemistry), and Jarrard and Lorig
(psychology).
Further information concerning the major can be obtained from
the head of the Neuroscience Program Committee in Tucker Hall, or
from any of the above faculty.

MAJOR IN RUSSIAN STUDIES

The Russian Studies major is interdisciplinary and offers
instruction in Russian language, literature, history, politics, and
economics. Students should begin Russian language instruction as
early as possible, preferably in the freshman year, since third
year language proficiency is required for the major.
Majors are strongly urged to participate in Washington and
Lee's exchange and study programs in the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS). They are encouraged to apply for
selection as exchange students in the American Collegiate
Consortium for East-West Academic and Cultural Exchange for an
academic year of study at one of many universities and institutes
in the CIS; in return, each year Washington and Lee receives CIS
students through the Consortium. Requirements include two years of
college-level Russian, consultation with the Russian Studies
Committee at the beginning of the year before departure to the CIS,
and approval of the Foreign Study Committee. Students in this
program pay the Washington and Lee University comprehensive fee.
Students may also study during the spring term, under the
supervision of a Washington and Lee faculty member, at Herzen
University in St. Petersburg, Russia. Also, a non-language study
program in the CIS is available during alternate spring terms
through the history department.
The Russian Studies program offers other features such as a
state-of-the-art language laboratory, computer-aided language
instruction, guest lectures, various library collections for
faculty and student research, a Russian film series, and live daily
CIS television transmissions.
The Russian Studies faculty include Bidlack (history),
Dolgopolova and G. McCaughrin (Russian), and C. McCaughrin
(politics). Adjunct faculty include Cecil (history), Herrick
(economics), Strong (politics), and Wirth (law).
Further information concerning the major and opportunities for
study abroad may be obtained from the head of the Russian Studies
committee, Craig McCaughrin.




SPECIAL DEGREE
PROGRAMS

THE BACHELOR OF ARTS
IN COMBINATION WITH
FIRST-YEAR LAW WORK

Students of Washington and Lee University with an outstanding
academic average and exceptionally high scores on the Law School
Admission Test may substitute the first year of work in the School
of Law, regarded as a unit and completed in full, for the
remaining free electives required for the Bachelor of Arts degree
if the following work is completed:
1. All but 28 degree credits toward the Bachelor of Arts
degree, including completion of all General Education requirements.
A student must achieve at least the following cumulative
grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and
Lee; and 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree
requirements.
2. 24 credits toward a major, at least 18 of which must be
in one subject. The work of the major, both as a whole and in the
major subject, must be completed with a grade-point average of at
least 2.0.
3. One credit (5 courses) in 100- and 200-level physical
education which counts towards required credits.
In completing the first year of work in the School of Law a
student must pass all law courses with a grade-point average of at
least 2.0 and no grade lower than D (1.0). Faculty regulations
further require that all academic (non-law) work toward the
combination degree must be completed before any work in law is
undertaken, and may not be done concurrently.

COMBINATION DEGREE PROGRAM
IN ENGINEERING

For students interested in entering engineering and allied
professions, Washington and Lee offers combined-plan programs with
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Columbia University.
Through these programs the students are given the opportunity to
broaden their academic background at a liberal arts college before
beginning professional studies.
A 4-2 program is offered whereby a student who has graduated
with a major in chemistry-engineering or physics-engineering (See
"Pre-Engineering") will, when so recommended by the Dean of the
College, be enrolled in a two-year course of instruction at RPI or
Columbia leading to a Master's Degree in any designated field of
engineering. To be recommended in this program, the student should
have a 3.0 or better average on all work completed at Washington
and Lee.
Under the 3-2 plan students who complete three years' work at
Washington and Lee and are recommended may enroll at RPI or
Columbia for a two-year course in their chosen field of
engineering. Upon completion of the five-year program the student
is awarded a degree from Washington and Lee and an engineering
degree from the affiliated professional school. To be recommended
for this program the student should have completed at least 86
credits exclusive of physical education and should have a 3.0 or
better average in the science, mathematics, and engineering courses
taken at Washington and Lee.

COMBINATION DEGREE PROGRAM IN
FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES

The liberal arts program at Washington and Lee offers an
excellent opportunity for developing the well-rounded undergraduate
education necessary to understanding the study of forest resources
and the environment.
In cooperation with the School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies at Duke University, Washington and Lee is able to offer a
combined plan in this area of study. Students may enter a
3-2 program which may ultimately culminate in either a Master's
Degree in Forestry or a Master's Degree in Environmental
Management.
Under this program the first full year of work in the School
of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Duke University, regarded
as a unit and totally completed, may be substituted for the
remaining free electives necessary for either the Bachelor of Arts
or Bachelor of Science degrees at Washington and Lee. The following
must also have been completed prior to leaving Washington and Lee.
1. All but 28 degree credits toward either the Bachelor of
Arts or Bachelor of Science degree, including the completion of all
General Education requirements. A student must achieve at least the
following cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work
attempted at Washington and Lee; and 2.0 on all Washington and Lee
work used to meet degree requirements.
2. 60 percent of the credits required for the major, at
least 80 percent of which must be in one subject. The work of the
major, both as a whole and in the major subject, must be completed
with a grade-point average of at least 2.0 or better.
3. One credit (5 courses) in 100- and 200-1evel physical
education which counts toward the total required credits.
4. Recommended preparatory courses may vary according to
student interest and according to the program of study the student
intends to enter in the School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies at Duke. The following courses represent the minimum
courses one should have for the program.
Biology 110, 171, 212, and 214
Chemistry 101 and 122
Computer Science 101
Economics 101, 102
Mathematics 101, 102, and 118
Physics 108 and 109
Additional electives which have been suggested by Duke include
Economics 120 (Economics, Ecology and Resource Conservation),
Economics 210 (Microeconomic Theory), and Geology 100 or 101
(General Geology).
Students should be aware that admission to the School of
Forestry and Environmental Studies at Duke University is not
guaranteed under this program and that admissions requirements are
not necessarily fulfilled by simply completing the above
requirements. (See Bulletin of Duke University School of Forestry
and Environmental Studies.)
In completing the first year of study at Duke University the
student must pass all courses with a minimum average of 2.0 on the
year's work.
ADDITIONAL BACHELOR'S DEGREE

Students who have already received either the B.A. or the B.S.
degree may wish to obtain the other degree. In order to receive the
other bachelor's degree, the student must fulfill the requirements
of each of the two degrees, either separately or concurrently, and
must present a minimum of 27 credits more than the baccalaureate
requirement for one degree for that year. A student must achieve
at least the following cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all
work attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee
work used to meet degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the
major, both as a whole and in the major subject.
Students may not receive two B.A. or two B.S. degrees.


SPECIAL ACADEMIC
OPPORTUNITIES

UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS

The faculty of Washington and Lee created the University
Scholars honors program in order to provide extra challenge and
opportunity for some of our best prepared, most able students. The
program combines broad yet intensive studies in the liberal arts
with independent study leading to an honors thesis.
The academic program consists of a reading course, three
honors seminars and an honors thesis. Scholars typically begin
participation in the winter term of their freshman year when they
read a set of challenging works which they discuss in informal
meetings with faculty. During the spring term, Scholars enroll in
an honors seminar on a topic in the humanities coordinated with
their earlier reading. In their sophomore and junior years,
Scholars have a choice of seminars on topics in the natural
sciences and social sciences. During the senior year, Scholars
participate in the honors program of their major department and
prepare an honors thesis. The honors courses and thesis contribute
fully to satisfying degree requirements. In recent years, seminar
topics have included the following: Science in the 21st Century;
Theories of Intelligence; Technology and Culture in the 19th
Century; Women and the Creative Arts; The Fabric of Geology; The
Evolution of Evolution.
Special academic opportunities supplement the required
courses. Scholars are eligible to design their own independent
seminars (Honors 200) and may take as many as two courses a year as
tutorials. The exact nature of each tutorial will vary, as worked
out between the Scholar and the faculty member, but generally a
tutorial allows the student to work independently under the
instructor's direction, to do extra or advanced reading, to write
essays more frequently, and to sharpen thinking in regular
conferences with the instructor. Faculty members are encouraged to
relax course prerequisites for well-prepared and intellectually
ambitious Scholars. University Scholars are also given extra
opportunity for personal interaction with some of the numerous
distinguished visitors who are brought to campus each year.
University Scholars have their accomplishments recognized in
several ways. The title of "University Scholar" is placed on their
transcript, for each term during which they participate, and a
special description of the program accompanies the transcript. The
Scholar who writes an acceptable honors thesis is recognized by the
awarding of a degree "with honors," noted in the graduation program
and on the transcript. In addition, all new members of the
University Scholars are recognized publicly at the annual Phi Beta
Kappa assembly.
Every University Scholar receives financial aid from
Washington and Lee. Since those qualities which lead to an
applicant's selection as a University Scholar nearly coincide with
those of the University's merit scholarships (Gaines Scholarships,
Lewis Scholarships, etc.), many Scholars receive financial aid from
such sources. Students without such support who are chosen as
participants in this program receive a scholarship award in
recognition of their selection.
Scholars are selected either prior to entrance to Washington
and Lee or during the freshman or sophomore year. Application to
the University Scholars program is independent of application for
honor scholarships.
Applicants for the University Scholars program should write
directly to:
John M. Evans
Director, University Scholars
c/o Office of the Dean of the College
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, Virginia 24450
Applications should be made no later than April 15; decisions
will be announced in May.
Washington and Lee students who have an outstanding record
during the first semester of their freshman year and who find the
challenges and opportunities of the University Scholars program
attractive, can apply in November to the director of the program.
Selections will be based on the student's record, letter of
interest, faculty recommendations, and personal interviews.
Students selected will be notified by the end of December. If the
program is not filled for any academic class, exceptionally able
students can even be admitted up to the end of their sophomore
year, provided they undertake to complete the full requirements of
the program.

PRE-LAW STUDENTS

Washington and Lee does not offer a "pre-law major" nor a
"pre-law curriculum," believing instead_as does the Association of
American Law Schools (as expressed in its statement on pre-legal
education)_that no single series of courses can accurately be said
to be "right" for every student who intends to enter law school.
Accordingly, a pre-law student at the University may select any
major offered in the College or in the School of Commerce,
Economics, and Politics.
Washington and Lee views a broad-based foundation in the
liberal arts, perhaps supplemented by specific pre-professional
training, as the best intellectual preparation for the study of
law. The University encourages pre-law students to select courses
which will provide them with an understanding of the history and
nature of contemporary society, which will develop their critical
abilities to their fullest, and which
will train them to articulate conclusions and reasons clearly,
concisely, and precisely.
The University offers a course in legal ethics
(Interdepartmental 342), designed specifically for the
undergraduate senior who intends to enter the legal profession.
The pre-law student's academic adviser will be a faculty
member in the department in which the student chooses to major.
From time to time, however, the pre-law student will also want to
consult with Professor Lewis John, the University's adviser on
pre-legal studies.

PRE-MEDICAL AND
PRE-DENTAL STUDENTS

The training represented by a bachelor's degree is strongly
recommended for those students who are interested in a medical or
dental career. This degree allows for the specific work in the
sciences required for admission to medical and dental schools and
also provides a sound general education looking toward the
development of cultural interests and social consciousness as
strongly urged by medical educators.
A major in any academic department (see department concerned
for requirements) or the interdepartmental major in the natural
sciences and mathematics is acceptable for admission to medical or
dental schools provided their entrance requirements are met.
The minimum admission requirements for most of the medical and
dental schools in the United States and Canada are: general biology
and/or zoology; general chemistry and organic chemistry; general
physics; English; and mathematics. Such requirements should be
taken as early as possible and completed by the end of the junior
year. The more selective schools either require or recommend:
additional courses in biology, chemistry and mathematics;
humanities; social and behavioral sciences; and a foreign language.
Since the entrance requirements vary from one medical or dental
school to another, the pre-professional students should acquaint
themselves with the admission requirements of the schools in which
they are interested and thus select a course of study accordingly.
As soon as a student becomes seriously interested in a medical
or dental career and not later than the end of the sophomore year,
that student should inform the Coordinator of Pre-medical Studies.
It has been the long-time policy of Washington and Lee
University to serve the needs of pre-medical and pre-dental
students. Inquiries addressed to the Dean of the College are
invited and will receive prompt and careful consideration. A
descriptive folder on pre-medical studies at Washington and Lee is
available from the Office of Admissions.

PRE-ENGINEERING

The work in pre-engineering is designed to meet the needs of
two classes of students: those who may desire, after graduation, to
enter some professional engineering school; and those who do not
expect to pursue further study but who wish a general education in
engineering subjects, combined with advanced chemistry, physics,
and mathematics.
A student in pre-engineering will usually work toward the
Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in
chemistry-engineering or physics-engineering.
The courses to be scheduled for a student in this area are
determined in consultation with the faculty adviser in engineering.
Although some freshmen may be placed in advanced classes, generally
the first year will include Mathematics 101, 102; Physics 108 and
109 for physics-engineering, or Chemistry 101, 122, 201, and 202
for chemistry-engineering; and general education requirements in
other areas and physical education. The sophomore year normally
includes Mathematics 221, 222, Engineering 203, 301 and 6
additional credits in the major requirements, and physical
education. The third year will normally include 9 credits of
electives, 12 credits of engineering and physics, and 6 credits of
mathematics.

PRE-MINISTERIAL STUDENTS

In cooperation with The American Association of Theological
Schools, the University encourages pre-ministerial students to
undertake a broad cultural preparation for their graduate studies.
Of the various possible areas of major concentration, religion,
English, history, and philosophy are regarded as the most
desirable. Individual courses of study should be planned in
consultation with the head of the Department of Religion.

PREPARATION FOR TEACHING

A liberal arts education gives excellent preparation for
elementary and secondary school teaching. Most states require
certain professional education courses for certification to teach
in public schools, although requirements differ from state to
state. (Students should consult the Associate Dean of the College
in Washington 24 to determine the certification regulations of a
particular state.) Any student who meets the requirements for a
Virginia certificate may receive initial certification to teach in
more than 35 states through reciprocal agreements among State
Directors of Teacher Education. Students should be aware that
private secondary schools now tend to favor applicants who have
been certified through a state-approved program.
Students interested in attaining a Virginia state certificate
should plan to take Psychology 113 at Washington and Lee and to
complete part of their requirements at one of the women's colleges
in the EXCHANGE Program. (Applications for EXCHANGE are available
from the University Registrar.) In order to assure that they may
meet all the various requirements for certification, students
should see the Associate Dean of the College early in their
freshman year. In their junior year they must apply to the
Washington and Lee Committee on Teacher Education and, following
that, to the Education Department at one of the women's colleges.
Students hoping to teach in college should expect to do
graduate study.

PREPARATION FOR A CAREER
IN SOCIAL WORK

Washington and Lee University, in conjunction with Mary
Baldwin College, offers a program which leads to certification as
a social worker by the State of Virginia. The Washington and Lee
student may take the required sociology courses and certain
recommended courses drawn from psychology, politics, and economics,
on the Washington and Lee campus. Five professional social work
courses which are required for certification are offered by Mary
Baldwin College, taught by a certified social worker. These courses
are designed to prepare students for entrance into the social work
profession. A specific listing of required courses may be found
under Sociology and Anthropology in the Courses of Study section of
this catalogue. All inquiries should be addressed to the head of
the Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Students interested
in the possibility of a career in social work should begin planning
their program of study in consultation with members of the
department as soon as possible, certainly no later than the
sophomore year.

AREA STUDIES


In addition to the traditional courses emphasizing European
and North American cultures, Washington and Lee offers the
following courses which will allow students to concentrate their
studies on a particular area of the world:

AFRICA

History 374_History of Southern Africa
History 375_European Imperialism in East and Central Africa
History 376_West African History

EAST ASIAN STUDIES
(See Pages 78 and 117.)

GENERAL
History 335_Canada Since 1837
History 370_Australia and New Zealand
History 371_History of the Islamic Peoples

LATIN AMERICA
History 130 Survey of Colonial Latin America
History 131 Survey of Latin America, 1750 to the Present
History 132 Case Studies in Latin American Nationalism
History 330 Colonial Latin America
History 331 Latin American Nations
History 332 The Dynamics of Political Change in Latin America
Literature in Translation 253 Contemporary Spanish-American
Prose Fiction in Translation
Spanish 111-112 Elementary Spanish
Spanish 151-152 Intensive Review: Beginning and Intermediate Spanish
Spanish 161-162 Intermediate Spanish
Spanish 207 Introduccion a la literatura hispanoamericana
Spanish 212 Spanish-American Civilizations and Cultures
Spanish 317 The Contemporary Spanish-American Novel

RUSSIAN STUDIES
(See Page 79.)

SOCIETY AND THE PROFESSIONS: STUDIES IN APPLIED ETHICS


Washington and Lee recognizes an increasing social need for specific
and systematic attention to ethics, to questions of human value as they
relate to business and the professions. The program studies ethics in four
fields: business, journalism, law, and medicine. The goal is to raise for
undergraduates the critical questions of social responsibility inherent in
the occupation they are about to enter. (For course listings in the ethics
of business, journalism, law, and medicine refer to the Interdepartmental
course listings.)

The program in Society and the Professions creates a close association
between undergraduate students and visiting practitioners in each of the
four fields. For a two-day period students engage in an intensive schedule
of seminars with visiting professionals.

The program brings nationally recognized scholars to Washington and
Lee each year in each field. These visiting lecturers remain on campus for
the two days, engage in classroom discussion, and deliver a public
lecture. At the end of each academic year the text of these lectures is
published and distributed to interested alumni, friends, and libraries
throughout the United States.

Further information on this program is available from Dr. Louis W.
Hodges.

URBAN STUDIES

Although Washington and Lee does not have a major or a specific
program in urban studies, there are several courses in the curriculum which
would be most valuable for those students considering a career in urban
planning, urban administration, and related areas. The following courses
are of particular relevance for such career preparation:

Art 301: American Architecture
Computer Science 101: Survey of Computer Science
Economics 350: Public Finance
Management/Politics 230: Public Administration
Mathematics 118: Introduction to Statistics
Politics 232: Public Policy
Politics 260: Comparative Public Policy
Politics/Sociology 375: Research Methods
Public Policy 453-459: Internship
Sociology 453-459: Internship

Students majoring in any of these departments may select major and
elective courses to provide a concentration in urban studies. They should
plan this program early in their academic career in order to achieve their
goals. Students proposing independent majors in urban studies should select
their courses from this list.

INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS

Students who have achieved a bachelor's degree and wish to take
additional work may, with the approval of the Committee on Courses and
Degrees, apply for admission to individual courses and pursue work on an
independent basis.

EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

Washington and Lee University participates with Hampden-Sydney,
Hollins, Mary Baldwin, Randolph-Macon, Randolph-Macon Woman's, and Sweet
Briar Colleges in a student exchange program. The program is designed
primarily for juniors. Additional information and catalogues of the
participating colleges are available in the Office of the University
Registrar.

Washington and Lee also has an exchange agreement with Bates College
in Lewiston, Maine. Additional information is available from the Office of
the University Registrar.

Students must have a 2.5 cumulative grade-point average in order to
apply for any exchange program sponsored by the University.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

Washington and Lee has exchange programs with Chung Chi College of
the Chinese University of Hong Kong (elementary Chinese recommended),
Rikkyo University in Tokyo, and the Kansai University of Foreign Studies
near Kyoto (elementary Japanese recommended for both Japan programs). Under
these programs, Washington and Lee students spend a year studying at Chung
Chi and Rikkyo and students from Chung Chi and Rikkyo spend the same year
studying at Washington and Lee. Washington and Lee students also have the
opportunity to spend one or two semesters at the Kansai University of
Foreign Studies, while the latter sends two students for the entire year.

For information on the Rikkyo University International Scholarships,
designed for students of the institutions with which Rikkyo has exchange
agreements, or for general information concerning Rikkyo and the Kansai
University of Foreign Studies, see Professors Rogers, or Ujie. See
Professor Hill for information concerning Chung Chi.

University College of Oxford University has invited Washington and Lee
to send one student a year as an exchange student for a year-long program
in some area in which a tutor is available on the University College
faculty. The program is designed for students in their junior year but in
exceptional cases a senior may be considered. A student is chosen by the
Oxford Exchange Committee each year to participate in this program.
Nominations by faculty members are due by January 15. They should be sent
to Professor Jarrard, who will also provide further information about the
program.

Students with advanced Russian language training may study for one
year at a university or institute in the Commonwealth of Independent States
and, in return, CIS students may attend Washington and Lee under the
American Collegiate Consortium for East-West Academic and Cultural
Exchange. For further information, contact the Russian Studies Committee
chairman in the politics department.

Students interested in these or other foreign study programs should
consult the head of the appropriate department or the foreign study
adviser.

STUDY ABROAD

To undertake foreign study at another institution during the summer
or during the academic year, a student must have a cumulative grade-point
average of 2.5 and prior approval by the Foreign Study Committee. In
addition, applicants for summer study abroad must be approved by the
appropriate dean (see "Summer Session Credit"). The Committee may refuse to
consider requests for endorsement of plans presented to it after May 1 for
fall term or full year programs.

Washington and Lee has its own foreign study programs for the
Spring term in China, Costa Rica, England, France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
Japan, Russia, Spain, and the Galapagos Islands. (See course listings under
art, biology, classics, East Asian Studies, English, French, German,
history, Italian, music, politics, Russian, and Spanish; note that all
these courses have specific prerequisites.) In all these programs except
those in England, students may elect to split the required six credits
between the sponsoring department and a second department provided that the
second department grants its approval.

The cost of these spring term programs will be in addition to the
regular comprehensive tuition and will be borne by the individual student.
Students who qualify for financial aid may be eligible to receive a loan to
help cover the cost of the program; applicants seeking financial assistance
for foreign study should consult the Director of Student Financial Aid.

By arrangement with the University of Massachusetts, Washington and
Lee students ho have had two years of Chinese (one year for the summer
program alone) and a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average may study Chinese
for the summer at Tunghai University in Taiwan and/or may spend one or two
semesters at either Tunghai or Beijing Normal University (People's
Republic of China). Students in these programs pay University of
Massachusetts fees and assume the status of transient students.
Participation in this program requires prior consultation with the head of
the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures and the approval of
the East Asian Studies committee.

The University is also a coordinating institution for Denmark's
International Study Program in Copenhagen. This program offers semester and
academic year programs for students in the arts, humanities, social
sciences, business administration, and architecture and design. Further
information about the program may be obtained from the Foreign Study
Adviser.

Washington and Lee, along with three other Virginia colleges, holds
membership in the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome, a
one-semester program administered by Stanford University. All students in
the program must take an integrated and comprehensive course titled "The
Ancient City." Optional courses include Greek and Latin language,
Renaissance and Baroque Art History, and Elementary Italian. Students may
attend either the fall or the spring term. Applicants must be majoring in
classics, history, or archaeology and anthropology, or must be art majors
with strong classical interests and background. All applicants must have at
least a B average, and back-ground in Roman history is advised. Interested
students should see Professor Taylor in classics for information and
application forms. Applications must be submitted by March 15 for the fall
term and by October 15 for the winter term.

THE VIRGINIA PROGRAM AT OXFORD

Washington and Lee, along with five other Virginia colleges, sponsors
a six-week summer program on Tudor-Stuart history, literature, and society
at St. Anne's College, Oxford. The lecturers for the program are eminent
British scholars; the tutors, Oxford dons. Students from Washington and Lee
who complete the program will receive six credits, split evenly between
English and history electives. (Credits earned under this program will be
treated as summer school work, not as Washington and Lee work.) Interested
students should see Professor Simpson in the art department before January
15 of the year in which they would like to attend the program. Students are
required to have a 2.5 cumulative grade-point average by the end of spring
term in the year for which they apply.

LUCE SCHOLARS PROGRAM



LEYBURN SCHOLARS PROGRAM IN ANTHROPOLOGY

The James G. Leyburn Scholars Program in Anthropology was established
in 1981 by three anonymous gifts totaling $135,000. Since the program's
inception, more than 100 former students and friends of Dean Leyburn have
made additional gifts.

Jam s G. Leyburn was named dean of the University in 1947 after 20
distinguished years on the sociology faculty at Yale. As dean, he offered
the University a series of bold challenges, which were part of what became
known as the Leyburn Plan a blueprint for strengthening the University's
academic standards. He relinquished his duties as dean in 1955, choosing to
devote all his time to teaching. He was head of the sociology/anthropology
department until 1967 and retired from active teaching in June 1972. While
his contributions to Washington and Lee were myriad, one of Leyburn's more
important contributions was his development of teaching and research in anthropology.

The Leyburn Scholars program is designed to further the study of and
research in anthropology by enabling the University to provide stipends
supporting student research during both the academic year and summer.
Projects are structured to provide the student with the opportunity to
develop skills in research design, field work, d ta collection and
analysis, and report preparation. All Washington and Lee undergraduates and
alumni working in anthropology are eligible to compete for the stipends.
Participants are encouraged to have as a goal the publication of the
findings their work generates. In the context of publications, additional
gifts received during 1982 allowed an ongoing publication series to be
initiated in 1984.

In 1985, the Leyburn Scholars program received national recognition as
an example of "collaborative learning" in The Forum for Liberal Education.

MARINE SCIENCE EDUCATION

The Marine Science Education Consortium with the Duke University
Marine Laboratory makes it possible for Washington and Lee biology majors
to spend one fall term at the Duke University Marine Laboratory in
Beaufort, North Carolina. Usually this term is during the junior or senior
year. All credits successfully completed will apply toward the major in
biology and the degree from Washington and Lee.

THE MARSHALL UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

The George C. Marshall Research Foundation offers outstanding
Washington and Lee students the opportunity to study and work at the
Marshall Library, virtually next door to Washington and Lee. Marshall
scholars, jointly chosen by the University and the Foundation, prepare
research papers at the Library, attend seminars, and participate in
conferences and other Library activities.

WRITING PROGRAM

The Washington and Lee Writing Program helps students learn to write
more effectively in college and prepares them for the personal and
professional writing they will do later in their lives. It includes various
components that support the faculty in helping students to achieve these
goals. The component of the program that works with students directly is
the Writing Center.

THE WRITING CENTER

The Writing Center offers individual tutorial assistance to students
on any college writing task, from papers and lab reports in any stage of
completion to resumes and application essays. Open evenings, the Center is
directed by the coordinator of the Writing Program and staffed by
upperclass students in various major fields chosen for their superior
writing and teaching abilities. Writing tutors do not proofread or edit
student work; rather they teach students to recognize and correct their own
errors, with the goal of making each student a more confident and
self-sufficient writer. In keeping with the Honor System, students who come
to the Center must acknowledge assistance on any project they submit for a
grade.

ROBERT E. LEE UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROGRAM

Under this distinctive program, funds are available to encourage
well-qualified and strongly motivated students to become familiar with
research tools, techniques, and methodology. Participation is an enriching
and broadening experience. It is particularly valuable to students who
intend to pursue graduate work, for they are introduced to the kind of
research activities they will encounter at he graduate level.

Projects are chiefly of two types: assisting a professor in research,
or carrying out a student-planned project under the supervision of a
professor. In either case, the professor and student benefit from the joint
participation.

Students are normally nominated for grants-in-aid by a professor with
whom they are studying. Recipients are known as Robert E. Lee Research
Assistants or, if they have and maintain a 3.0 average, as Robert E. Lee
Research Scholars. While participants receive no academic credit, the
grants-in-aid enable them to earn a part of the cost of their education in
work that has exceptional educational value.

The Robert E. Lee Research Fund was established in 1960 through a gift
from the late Dr. Gustavus Benz Capito, an 1899 graduate of Washington and
Lee.

THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE,
ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS

John D. Wilson, A.M. (Oxon.), Ph.D.

President of the University

Larry C. Peppers, Ph.D.
Dean of the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics

Kenneth P. Ruscio, Ph.D.
Associate Dean of the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics


(faculty listing omitted)

GENERAL INFORMATION

The School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics was authorized by the
Trustees in June, 1905, and was organized in 1906. It has been accredited
by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business since 1927.

The freshman year is the same throughout the University. In the
sophomore year, basic work in economics, accounting, and politics is
combined with free electives in other subjects chosen to satisfy general
education requirements.

Two years of advanced study are devoted to the theory, problems, and
procedures essential to administrative

decision-making. Emphasis is on fundamental principles and on the
development of analytical ability, not mere descriptiveness.

In combination with liberal electives in the junior-senior years, the
course of study assures a well-rounded program of general education and it
provides a sound foundation for successful graduate work as well as for
careers in business, government, and law.

RESOURCES

Instruction in economics and politics is supported in part by the
Wilson Memorial Fund, a foundation created in memory of President William
L. Wilson. By the terms of a deed of gift accompanying the foundation, the
income of this fund is devoted to the maintenance and development of the
departments. The School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics is an
expansion of the work of the Departments of Economics and Politics, thus
resting on the same financial basis as these departments.

BUILDING

All departments of the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics
are housed in the Commerce School Building. This building contains
classrooms and offices, the commerce library and reading room, and the
microcomputer laboratories. DEGREES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE BACHELOR OF ARTS

For the Bachelor of Science with Special Attainments in Commerce or
the Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, politics, or public policy, the
freshman year and the requirements of general education are the same as in
the College.

Candidates for either degree must submit a minimum of 121 credits with
passing grades, including 1 credit (5 courses) for 100- and 200-level work
in physical education. A student must achieve at least the following
cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington
and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree
requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole and in the
major subject.

The scale of grades and the grade-point averages under the Automatic
Rule are the same as those in the College.

Concerning Washington and Lee grades, no grade below a D- (the lowest
passing grade) will fulfill any degree requirement. And, unless a
non-passing grade is removed according to the procedure and within the
limits specifically provided, credits represented by a non-passing grade
will be counted as work attempted in calculating the cumulative grade-point
average.

All modifications in the Bachelor of Science programs must be approved
by the Commerce faculty and the Committee on Courses and Degrees.

FRESHMAN YEAR

The requirements for admission to the freshman class are given in the
"Admissions" section of this catalogue, and the courses offered in the
freshman year are outlined in the section on "The College."

Mathematics 101 and 102, or the equivalent, are urged, and more
advanced courses may be recommended for those having superior preparation.
Mathematics is vital if graduate work in business or economics is
contemplated.

One year of college work is required for admission to the School of
Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Students who have completed the freshman
year in the College at Washington and Lee University, or students who have
completed the freshman year in another college of recognized standing, may
enroll in the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics.

SOPHOMORE YEAR

Prospective sophomores interested in a major in one of the
departments constituting the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics
may discuss their program with the head of the department concerned, with
any of the professors, or with the Dean or Associate Dean of the School.
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Science should take:

Accounting 201, 202

Economics 101, 102

Management/Economics 201

JUNIOR AND SENIOR YEARS

1. At the time of registration for the junior year, the candidate
for the Bachelor of Science degree selects one of the two groups outlined
on succeeding pages: Business Administration, Business A ministration and
Accounting.

2. Candidates for the Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in
economics, politics, or public policy will find departmental requirements
outlined under those departments in the "Courses of Study" section.

3. Requirements for Business Administration in combination with
First-Year Law are outlined on the last page of this section.

4. The following courses should be taken in the junior year:
Management 203, 211, 217, and 221.



DECLARATION AND CHANGE IN MAJOR

When a student decides upon a major, he or she works out a course of
study with his or her academic adviser. A student who elects more than one
major must work out a course of study with the advisers or the heads of the
departments involved. When majors involve two different schools or two
different degrees, the University Registrar must be informed of the
student's preference as to school and degree. This must be done by the
time of registration for the fall term of the student's junior year, at
which time a "Declaration of Major and Adviser" form must be filled out and
filed in the University Registrar's Office. Failure to do so constitutes
incomplete registration and will be subject to a late registration fee.
Each subsequent registration week the student confers with his or her
adviser(s) on progress toward the major(s) and makes any appropriate
revisions.

Change of major requires approval of the head of the new department on
a "Declaration of Major and Adviser" form. After the spring term of the
student's junior year and before the beginning of the winter term of the
senior year, a student may change majors only with permission of the
Faculty Executive Committee. Thereafter the student may not change his or
her declared major (or the degree of which that major is a component),
except that a student with two or more majors may drop all but one with
permission of the Committee if that student has not failed a comprehensive
examination.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAJOR

In all group majors outlined on the following pages, a graduating
average is attained by passing 36 credits with at least 72 grade points.
Pass-Fail grades are not permitted in the major. The group or
interdepartmental majors are defined as follows:

1. A group major in Business Administration is composed of 36
credits in accounting, economics, and management, of which at least 27
credits must be in management subjects.

2. A group major in Business Administration and Accounting is
composed of 36 credits in accounting and management, of which 18 credits
are in accounting courses numbered above 202.

B.A. DEGREES OFFERED

The School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics offers the Bachelor
of Arts degree with majors in economics, politics or public policy. (See
the sections on economics, politics, and public policy under "Courses of
Study" for the requirements for majors for the B.A. degree in those
subjects.) HONORS WORK

Principles governing the work of Honors students are outlined under
that heading in the section on "The College." Subject to those principles,
the privilege extends to any student who is a candidate for the Bachelor of
Arts or the Bachelor of Science degree in the School of Commerce,
Economics, and Politics.

A prospective honors student applies in writing to the department head
by May 1 of the junior year. Applications will be considered by the
Commerce faculty, which will administer all regulations governing Honors
work in all departments of this school.

CREDIT FOR WORK IN SUMMER SESSIONS

In order to receive credit for courses taken in the summer session of
other schools, it is recommended that approval be obtained in advance.
Written requests to undertake such work should be submitted to the Dean of
the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics as soon as possible but not
later than June 1 (June 15, if summer work is necessitated by spring term
grades). If students should apply for credit while taking summer course
or after it has been completed, they will be given or denied credit on the
basis of the criteria which would have applied to their request prior to
taking the course. No matter when approval is requested, students must
submit an application for approval on the proper form obtainable from the
Office of the University Registrar. With the exception that candidates for
the B.S. degree in combination with first-year law may be permitted to
offer two courses in their major group, the limits on summer session credit
are the same as those for the College.

The above rules are applicable to any student in the School of
Commerce, Economics, and Politics who is a candidate for a degree or for a
program in one or more of the Departments of Accounting, Economics,
Management, or Politics.



GROUP MAJORS

Candidates for the Bachelor of Science with Special Attainments in
Commerce must take Accounting 201 and 202 and Economics 101 and 102.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GROUP

Requires 36 credits as described on Page 155. The following courses
are required:
Management 203 Quantitative Models for Management and Economics
Management 205 Law in a Modern Society
Management 211 Marketing
Management 217 Organizational Behavior
Management 221 Managerial Finance
Management 375 Strategic Management
Additional courses must be chosen as follows:
9 credits from Management courses numbered 300 or above
9 credits from Accounting courses above 202 and/or from
Economics courses above 203.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTING GROUP

Requires 36 credits as described on Page 101. The following courses
are required:

Management 203 Quantitative Models for Management and Economics
Management 205 Law in a Modern Society
Management 211 Marketing
Management 217 Organizational Behavior
Management 221 Managerial Finance
Management 375 Strategic Management

Six courses from among the following:

Accounting 211 Financial Statement Analysis
Accounting 320 Intermediate Accounting I
Accounting 321 Intermediate Accounting II
Accounting 330 Cost Accounting
Accounting 340 Advanced Accounting
Accounting 355 Taxation Accounting
Accounting 360 Auditing
Accounting 395 Seminar in Accounting Theory
Accounting 396 Seminar in International Accounting

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN COMBINATION WITH FIRST YEAR LAW

Students of Washington and Lee University with an outstanding
academic average and exceptionally high scores on the Law School Admission
Test may substitute the first year of work in the School of Law, regarded
as a unit and completed in full, for the remaining free electives required
for the Bachelor of Science with Special Attainments in Commerce if the
following work is completed:

1. All but 28 degree credits toward the Bachelor of Science degree,
including completion of all General Education requirements. A student must
achieve at least the following cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all
work attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work
used to meet degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both
as a whole and in the major subject.

2. 36 credits of required work in either the Business Administration
or the Business Administration and Accounting group, with Government and
Business (Economics 240) required in lieu of Law in a Modern Society
(Management 205), plus work of the first two years. The required work must
be completed with a grade-point average of 2.0 or better.

3. Consultation with the deans of the two schools is also a
requisite. In completing the first year of work in the School of Law a
student must pass all law courses with a grade-point average of 2.0 and no
grade lower than D (1.0). Faculty regulations further require that all
academic (non-law) work toward the combination degree must be completed
before any work in law is undertaken, and may not be done concurrently.



INTERDEPARTMENTAL MAJOR

PUBLIC POLICY

The public policy major is designed for students who have an interest
in public policy issues. The major requirements and the courses involved
are listed on Page 177. The public policy major may not be combined with
other majors in the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics.

For further information about the major, please contact Professors
John, Winfrey, or Ruscio.