MILITARY SCIENCE

The Military Science Basic Course is closed to new students. Only
those students currently enrolled may continue training.

MILITARY SCIENCE 351 (2) Executive Management within the Military
Prerequisite: Execution of advanced course student's contract.
Advanced leadership practicum. This course provides a study of command
staff and chain of command procedures, the Army readiness program, Army
personnel and supply administration, training management, and military
correspondence. Laboratory course. Staff.
Fall

MILITARY SCIENCE 352 (2) Executive
Responsibilities within the Military
Prerequisite: Execution of advanced course student's contract.
Continued advanced leadership practicum. A study in military aspects of the
U.S. in world affairs, an introduction to military justice, the moral
aspects of war, and the Geneva and Hague Conventions. Laboratory course.
Staff.
Winter



MUSIC

PROFESSOR SPICE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS BROUWER, GAYLARD,
KOLMAN

MAJOR

The music major leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree is designed to
meet the needs not only of students who have an interest in a career in
music but also for those who plan to follow careers in fields such as
business, law, or education. The major requires 44 credits as follows:
1. Music 131, 132, 161, 162, 261, 262, and 423
2. Six credits chosen from Music 395, 396, 397
3. Nine credits chosen from ensemble (108-114) or applied music
(141-143, 241-243, 341-343, 441-443)
4. Six additional credits chosen from 141-143, 220, 231, 232, 233,
241-243, 331, 332, 341-343, 441-443

Note: A limit of 8 credits in ensemble courses (Music 108-114) and of 12
credits in applied music courses (Music 141-143, 241-243, 341-343, 441-443)
are allowable toward a degree. A fee is charged for applied music; music
majors are entitled to take one applied music course per term without
charge.

HONORS: An Honors Program in music is offered for qualified students;
see department head for details.

MUSIC 100 (3) Fundamentals of Music Theory
Students will be introduced to the practical aspects of musical
performance through the study of scales, intervals, keys, chords,
conventional meters and rhythm and basic ear training. Not open to students
already qualified for Music 161. Kolman.
Spring

MUSIC 101 (1) Fundamentals of Voice Production
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Introduction to correct
vocal production through proper breathing, vowel placement, enunciation,
projection, and phrasing.
Spring

MUSIC 108 (1) Supervised Piano Accompanying
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A practical course in the
skills of piano accompaniment including sight reading, score reading, study
of style, methods of expression, transposition, and rehearsal techniques.
Student will be expected to accompany solo vocalists and instrumentalists,
play in chamber ensembles or accompany the University choruses. A faculty
member will be assigned to coach and tutor the student. This course may be
repeated. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 109 (1) University Chorus
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course may be
repeated. Staff.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 110 (1) University Chamber Singers
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course may be
repeated. Spice.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 112 (1) Chamber Ensembles
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course may be
repeated. Small chamber groups consisting of vocalists and instrumentalists
are created to perform music from various historical periods. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 113 (1) University Wind Ensemble
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course may be
repeated. The University Wind Ensemble consists of wind and percussion
players who perform band repertoire in concerts on and off campus. Kolman.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 114 (1) University-Rockbridge
Symphony Orchestra
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course may be
repeated. Students who play an orchestral instrument may join the U-RSO
which is comprised of university students as well as residents of the
community. Kolman.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 117 (1) Fundamentals of Conducting
(Alternate years)
Prerequisites: Music 161 and 162 or permission of the instructor. A
course designed to acquaint the student with the fundamental elements of
conducting technique, such as beat patterns, cueing, gestures of expression
and dynamics, transposition techniques, and score reading. Kolman.
Spring

MUSIC 120 (3) Introduction to Music
Development of musical understanding and enjoyment through acquiring
skills in listening to music. Emphasis is placed upon learning to hear, to
recognize, and to relate the various elements of music. Staff.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 131 (3) Music History I
(Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Music major or permission of the instructor. A survey of
music from the Middle Ages through the Baroque period. Spice.
Fall

MUSIC 132 (3) Music History II
(Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Music major or permission of the instructor. A survey of
music from the Classical period to the present. Spice.
Winter

Note: A limit of 9 credits for non-majors and 12 credits for majors in
applied music courses (140's, 240's, 340's, 440's) is allowable toward a
degree. Available in piano, strings, voice, woodwinds. A fee is charged for
applied music. A music major is entitled to one applied music course per
term without charge.

MUSIC 141 (1), 142 (1), 143 (1) Applied Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor; seniors must have
permission of the department head. One-half hour private lesson and a
minimum of 5 hours practice a week during fall and winter terms; two
one-half hour private lessons and a minimum of 10 hours practice a week
during spring term. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 161 (4) Music Theory I
Prerequisite: Music major or permission of the instructor. Study of
scales, modes, chord progressions; harmonic analysis from the common
practice period and aural skills. Kolman.
Fall

MUSIC 162 (4) Music Theory II
Prerequisite: Music 161. A continuation of Music 161, including the
writing and analysis of musical progressions and the study of chromatic
harmony. Kolman.
Winter

MUSIC 220 (3) Music in the United States,
1607-1945
(Alternate years)
A study of musical styles in America from the time of the first
settlers. Topics include Puritan psalms, patriotic music, songs of the
Civil War, spirituals, black and white gospel, blues, ragtime, jazz,
musical comedy, popular song and various trends in Classical music from the
Moravians to the avant-garde. The course will cover major works by Ives,
Gershwin, Copland, and Ellington. Gaylard.
Fall

[MUSIC 231 (3) Classical Music]
(Fall 1994 and alternate years)
Stylistic study of music of the last half of the 18th century.
Concentration on the symphonies, sonatas, concertos, chamber music and
operas of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Gaylard.

MUSIC 232 (3) Romantic Music
Topics in the 19th century including the symphony, the concerto, the
symphonic poem, program music, piano music, nationalism, song and opera.
Composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Wagner, and
Mahler will be covered. Gaylard.
Winter

MUSIC 233 (3) 20th-Century Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A study and comparison of
the various styles and composers of contemporary art music from 1912 to the
present. Brouwer.
Winter

MUSIC 241 (1), 242 (1), 243 (1) Applied Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One-half hour private
lesson and a minimum of 5 hours practice a week during fall and winter
terms; two one-half hour private lessons and a minimum of 10 hours practice
a week during spring term. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 261 (3) Counterpoint and Composition
Prerequisite: Music 162. An intensive study of 18th-century
counterpoint, harmonic analysis and the planning and writing of an original
composition. Brouwer.
Fall

MUSIC 262 (3) 20th-Century Theory
and Composition
Prerequisite: Music 261. The study and analysis of 20th-century
harmonic treatment. Composition study will result in the production of two
short pieces or one longer piece. Brouwer.
Winter

[MUSIC 331 (3) Renaissance Music]
(Fall 1994 and alternate years)
A study of trends in musical style of the 15th and 16th centuries. The
course will trace the development of the mass, motet, chanson, madrigal,
and instrumental forms. Other topics include the effects of courtly life,
musical printing, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation upon the
role of music in Renaissance society. Spice.

[MUSIC 332 (3) Baroque Music]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
Stylistic study of music from 1600 through 1750, Monteverdi through
Bach and Handel. The instrumental and vocal compositions of various
European locales and composers are examined chronologically. Spice.

MUSIC 341 (1), 342 (1), 343 (1) Applied Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One-half hour private
lesson and a minimum of 5 hours practice a week during fall and winter
terms; two one-half hour private lessons and a minimum of 10 hours practice
a week during spring term. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 374 (6) Supervised Study in Europe
(Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A seminar in the music and
culture of selected European musical centers. Staff.
Spring

MUSIC 395 (3) Seminar: Literature and
Style of Instrumental Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit
with permission and if the topics are different. Gaylard.
Spring

MUSIC 396 (3) Seminar: Literature and
Style of Vocal Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit
with permission and if the topics are different. Spice.
Spring

MUSIC 397 (3) Seminar: Topics in Composition-
Related Techniques
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Topics will change from
year to year and include orchestration, notation, electronic music and
scholarly or compositional participation in Sonoklect, the new music
festival. May be repeated for credit with permission and if the topics are
different. Brouwer.
Spring

MUSIC 423 (3) Directed Individual Project
Prerequisite: Music major and permission of the instructor. May be
repeated for credit with permission. Staff.
Fall, Winter

MUSIC 441 (1), 442 (1), 443 (1) Applied Music
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One-half hour private
lesson and a minimum of 5 hours practice a week during fall and winter
terms; two one-half hour private lessons and a minimum of 10 hours practice
a week during spring term. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

MUSIC 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Fall-Winter




NEUROSCIENCE

PROFESSOR JARRARD*

A major in neuroscience leading to a Bachelor of Science degree
requires the completion of at least 50 credits including the following:
1. Biology 110, 174, 316, Chemistry 241, 242, Computer Science 251
(Engineering 251), Psychology 111, 180, 253, 255, Neuroscience
120, 395
2. Biology 204 or 205
3. At least 6 credits chosen from the following, to begin no later
than the winter term of the junior year, and supervised by one of
the neuroscience faculty:
Biology 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 492-496
Chemistry 421, 422, 423, 433, 436, 439, 471, 472, 473, 493
Psychology 353, 355, 423, 431, 432, 433, 493

Additional courses required as prerequisites for completion of the
above include Chemistry 101 and 122

Students contemplating application to graduate programs or medical
school should note that Biology 172 (General Zoology), Chemistry 244
(Biochemistry), Mathematics 102 (Calculus II), and Physics 109 (General
Physics II) are either required or highly recommended by most admissions
committees.

NEUROSCIENCE 120 (3) Introduction to
Neuroscience
An introduction to neuroscience emphasizing the molecular
organization, chemistry, and physiology of the neuron, how neurons are
organized into functional circuits, and how these functional circuits
process information and control both normal and abnormal behavior. Staff.
Winter

NEUROSCIENCE 395 (1-3) Special Topics in
Neuroscience
Prerequisites: Neuroscience 120 and junior standing. A seminar
designed to provide the advanced student with a broader knowledge of the
field of neuroscience. Specific topics will vary and will be determined, in
part, by student interest. May be repeated for credit with permission and
if the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter


*Head of Neuroscience Program Advisory Committee


PHILOSOPHY

Pierre S. duPont Foundation

PROFESSORS MARTIN, BOGGS, ELROD
PEMBERTON, SESSIONS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR URBACH

MAJOR

A major in philosophy leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree requires
completion of 42 credits including the following:
1. At least 30 credits in philosophy, exclusive of Philosophy 473
and 493, and
a. including Philosophy 105 or 106; and
b. including at least 21 credits chosen from courses
numbered 200 and above; and
c. including four courses in the history of philosophy or major
figures chosen from among the following: Philosophy 141,
142, 144, 221 (Classics 221), 222, 263, 265, 311, 314, 316,
and 195, 395, and 403 when the topics are appropriate
2. At least 9 credits chosen from offerings in philosophy or related
disciplines, with the approval of the department head
3. Philosophy 473(3) or 493(3-3). The thesis is pre-pared under the
supervision of an adviser and is presented for evaluation in the
student's final term, normally the spring term of the senior year


HONORS: An Honors Program in philosophy is offered for qualified
students; see department head for details.

SPECIAL PROGRAM: See description of Cognitive Science on page 77.

PHILOSOPHY 101 (3) Problems of Philosophy
Open to freshmen and sophomores only. An introduction to some of the
major ethical, political, and social problems we persistently confront.
Selected readings from major philosophers. Staff.
Fall, Winter

PHILOSOPHY 102 (3) Problems of Philosophy
Open to freshmen and sophomores only. An introduction to some of the
major problems that arise in inquiry into the nature of knowledge and
reality. Selected readings from major philosophers. Staff.
Fall, Spring

PHILOSOPHY 105 (3) Logic
The study of informal argument in natural languages, and of Greek and
modern formal logic, including propositional and predicate logic. Some
attention is given to theories of meaning. Martin.
Fall

[PHILOSOPHY 106 (3) Symbolic Logic]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
A Cognitive Science course. Emphasis is on the structure, use, and
philosophical significance of modern formal logic, beginning with
propositional logic, stressing predicate logic with identity, and treating
some more recent developments in logic. Urbach.
[PHILOSOPHY 107 (3) Contemporary
Radical Thought]
A critical analysis of some tendencies in contemporary radical
thought. Selected readings from such writers as George Orwell (1984,
Collected Essays), Alexander Solzhenitzyn (The First Circle, The Gulag
Archipelago), and Noam Chomsky. Boggs.

PHILOSOPHY 108 (3) Ethics and the Environment
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An exploration of one's
responsibilities to the natural world through the writings of Thoreau, John
Muir, Aldo Leopold, and others and analysis of patterns of land use in the
United States since the colonial period. Boggs.
Spring, Fall

PHILOSOPHY 141 (3) Ancient Philosophy
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An examination of
philosophical issues as formulated in ancient Greece. The works of Plato
and Aristotle are emphasized. Pemberton.
Fall

PHILOSOPHY 142 (3) Modern Philosophy
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An examination of
philosophical issues in modern thought: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke,
Berkeley, Hume, Kant, and some more recent philosophers. Pemberton.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 144 (3) 20th Century Philosophy
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An examination of
philosophical issues in recent Western thought. Representative works will
be read from philosophers such as Husserl, Russell, Heidegger, Dewey,
Sartre, Wittgenstein, Austin, and Quine. Urbach.
Spring

PHILOSOPHY 152 (3) The Republic
A consideration of Plato's major work with special attention to
contemporary issues in morality, politics, science, and art. Pemberton.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 156 (3) Philosophy and Literature
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A consideration of
philosophical themes in the writings of some 19th- and 20th-century
authors, including Dostoyevsky, Sophocles, Melville, Hemingway, Percy, and
Solzhenitsyn. Boggs.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 168 (3) Chinese Philosophy
An introductory course focusing on classical (Chou period) Confucian
and Taoist philosophers. No background in Chinese studies is presupposed.
Sessions.
Winter

[PHILOSOPHY 195 (3) Seminar for Underclass Students]
(Not offered in 1993-94)
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A consideration of
selected issues in philosophy. May be repeated for credit with permission
and if the topics are different. Staff.
PHILOSOPHY 205 (3) Philosophy of Language
A Cognitive Science course. A study of such topics as logical
positivism, speech acts, ordinary language philosophy, the
analytic-synthetic distinction, indeterminacy of translation, and
ontological commitment. Martin.
Fall

[PHILOSOPHY 207 (3) Aesthetics]
A consideration of the basic issues in aesthetics, focusing upon the
medium of film. Selected viewings and readings from contemporary sources.
This course may be offered when sufficient interest is expressed and
departmental resources permit. Staff.

PHILOSOPHY 212 (Religion 212) (3) Philosophy
and Religion
An exploration of selected issues such as mystical and numinous
experiences and doctrines, theistic arguments, faith and reason, religion
and morality, and religion and secularity. Sessions.
Fall

[PHILOSOPHY 221 (Classics 221) (3) Plato]
A close study of one or several dialogues. Pemberton.

PHILOSOPHY 222 (3) Aristotle
A study of Aristotle's comprehensive philosophy of man and nature,
with particular emphasis on his aesthetics, ethics, psychology, physics,
and metaphysics. This course may be offered when sufficient interest is
expressed and departmental resources permit. Urbach.
Fall

PHILOSOPHY 251 (3) Meaning and Existence
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A consideration of the
existential philosophies of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre and others.
Pemberton.
Fall

PHILOSOPHY 255 (3) Philosophy of Science
A Cognitive Science course. Discussion of philosophical issues raised
by the modern physical and social sciences. Topics to include the nature of
scientific theories, evidence, and explanation, the demarcation of science
from non-science, scientific revolutions, the unity of science, and
scientific realism. Urbach.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 263 (3) Kierkegaard
A study of Philosophica/ Fragments and Concluding Unscientific
Postscript with emphasis on the analysis of the religious and moral life.
Boggs.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 265 (3) Nietzsche
An examination of the nature of the conflict between Christian theism
and atheism and its connection with the genesis of philosophical nihilism
in the 19th century. Readings from Dostoyevsky's Notes from the Underground
and The Possessed, and Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals and The Will
to Power. Boggs.
Fall
[PHILOSOPHY 266 (3) Ethics]
An examination of fundamental issues in the theory of morality,
including moral value and obligation, relativism, egoism, and hedonism.
Sessions.

[PHILOSOPHY 267 (3) Personal Identity and
Physical Identity]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
A study of the concept of a person and its relationship with those of
physical identity and death. Martin.

[PHILOSOPHY 301 (3) Metaphysics]
An exploration of the aims, methods, and value of metaphysical
thinking. Selected readings from various philosophical viewpoints. Martin.

[PHILOSOPHY 305 (Psychology 305) (3) Speech
and Cognition]
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: 6 credits in philosophy
and/or psychology. An examination of speech, speech acts, discourse, and
understanding. Martin and Elmes.

PHILOSOPHY 311 (3) Wittgenstein
A close study of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. Emphasis
on the analysis of language, meaning, and states of consciousness. Boggs.
Winter

[PHILOSOPHY 312 (3) Theory of Knowledge]
A Cognitive Science course. An examination of the basic problems in
epistemology through a close reading of Descartes' Meditations on First
Philosophy and Wittgenstein's On Certainty. Urbach.

PHILOSOPHY 313 (3) Philosophy of Mind
A Cognitive Science course. A consideration and assessment of dualism
and materialism and of various theories of the relation between the mental
and the physical such as the identity theory, functionalism, and
supervenience. Martin.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 314 (3) Heidegger
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A careful reading of
Heidegger's Being and Time. Pemberton.
Winter

[PHILOSOPHY 316 (3) Kant]
(Not offered in 1993-94)
A close examination of Kant's Critical Philosophy with special
attention to the Critique of Pure Reason. Sessions.

PHILOSOPHY 395 (3) Advanced Seminar
Prerequisites: 6 credits in philosophy and permission of the
instructor. An intensive and critical study of selected issues or major
figures in philosophy. May be repeated for credit with permission and if
the topics are different. This course may be offered when sufficient
interest is expressed and departmental resources permit. Pemberton.
Spring

PHILOSOPHY 403 (3) Directed Individual Study
Prerequisite: Permission of the department. May be repeated with
permission and if the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHILOSOPHY 473 (3) Senior Thesis and
Philosophical Topics
Prerequisites: Senior standing and major in philosophy. Seminars
devoted to philosophical issues in conjunction with which each major will
prepare and present a senior thesis. Staff.
Winter

PHILOSOPHY 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy and senior standing.
Fall-Winter


PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PROFESSOR WALSH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS ALDRIDGE, CANFIELD,
FALLON, FRANKE, JONES, LESLIE, LYLES,
O'CONNELL, RANKIN
ASSISTANT PROFESSORS CERONE, COLLITON,
HATHORN, JACOBS, MIRIELLO, PIRANIAN,
REMILLARD, STAGNITTA, STICKLEY, TUCKER

REQUIREMENTS:

Degree requirements include the successful completion of five physical
education activity courses, Physical Education (PE) 101 through PE 214.
Students may not repeat a course they have already passed with the
exception of PE 200 through 214 which may be elected no more than two times
for credit. Students may not take corresponding 100- or 200-level courses
for more than two terms (e.g. a maximum of two terms of PE 158 and PE 211).
In addition to the degree requirements, a swimming proficiency test is
required. No student is exempt from the proficiency test unless he or she
receives a medical excuse from the University physician. A student who
fails to pass the proficiency test will be placed in fundamental swimming
(PE 101). PE 101 will satisfy one of the five activity courses required for
a degree. Students are required to take the proficiency test prior to
registering for any physical education course and proceeding into the
elective program.
Freshmen are given the opportunity to elect whether the grade for the
one credit which they will receive in Physical Education will be recorded
as a letter grade or recorded as a Pass/Fail grade. This election must be
accomplished during the fall term prior to midterm. The decision is binding
and no subsequent change is permitted.
The University physician will review medical histories and determine
whether a student is capable of participating in regular courses or should
be placed in remedial and corrective courses.

All physical education courses must have departmental approval prior
to registration.

SKILLS COURSES

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 101 Fundamental
Swimming
A general course in swimming for non-swimmers. Students who are
classified "non-swimmers" based on the proficiency test must register for
this course. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 102 Adaptive and
Corrective Exercise
A specialized course in development, rehabilitation, and corrective
exercise. For students with disabilities who are assigned by the University
physician in lieu of other courses. This course may be repeated with
permission. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring: arranged (1st class meeting 2nd day of term)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 151 Golf
Staff.
Fall, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 152 Football
Staff.
Fall

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 154 Aerobic Running
Staff.
Fall, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 155 Weight Training
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 156 Soccer
Staff.
Fall (1st 6 weeks), Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 157 Lacrosse
Staff.
Fall: Men (1st 6 weeks)
Spring: Men, Women

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 158 Tennis
(Students may take this course only once regardless of level.) Staff.
Fall: Beginning, Intermediate (1st 6 weeks)
Spring: Beginning, Intermediate

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 159 Badminton
Staff.
Fall, Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 160 Volleyball
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 162 Racquet Ball
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 165 Basketball
Staff.
Fall, Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 166 Squash
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 167 Snow Skiing
(Additional special fees and provide own transportation.) Staff.
Winter: arranged (1st class meeting mandatory, 2nd day of term)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 168 Ice Skating
(Additional special fees and provide own transportation.) Staff.
Winter: arranged (1st class meeting mandatory, 3rd day of term)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 169 Aerobic Dance
and Exercise
Staff.
Fall, Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 170 Horsemanship
(Additional special fees and provide own transportation.) Staff:
"Eastfields," Brownsburg, Va.
Fall: arranged (1st class meeting mandatory, 1st day of term)
Spring: arranged (1st class meeting mandatory, 1st day of term)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 171 Softball
Staff.
Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 174 Outing Activities (Backpacking)
Staff.
Spring (1st class meeting mandatory)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 175 Canoeing
Prerequisite: Pass swimming proficiency test. (Additional special fees
and provide own transportation.) Staff.
Spring (1st class meeting mandatory)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 176 Bicycling
(Additional fees.) Staff.
Spring (1st class meeting mandatory)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 178 Dance
(Additional special fees.) Staff.
Fall, Winter: Modern

INTERCOLLEGIATE COURSES

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 200 Intercollegiate
Cross-Country
(Men) Tucker. (Women) Phemister.
Fall

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 201 Intercollegiate
Football
Fallon.
Fall

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 202 Intercollegiate Soccer
(Men) Piranian. (Women) Hathorn.
Fall

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 203 Intercollegiate
Basketball
Canfield.
Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 205 Intercollegiate
Swimming
(Men) Remillard. (Women) Jacobs.
Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 207 Intercollegiate
Wrestling
Franke.
Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 208 Intercollegiate
Baseball
Stickley.
Winter (2nd 6 weeks)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 209 Intercollegiate Golf
Leslie.
Winter (2nd 6 weeks)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 210 Intercollegiate
Lacrosse
(Men) Stagnitta. (Women) Hathorn.
Winter (2nd 6 weeks)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 211 Intercollegiate Tennis
(Men) Franke. (Women) Rankin.
Winter (2nd 6 weeks)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 212 Intercollegiate Track and Field
(Men) Aldridge. (Women) Tucker.
Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 213 Intercollegiate
Water Polo
Remillard.
Fall

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 214 Intercollegiate
Volleyball
Dittman.
Fall

LECTURE COURSES

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 301 (2) Philosophy
and Techniques of Coaching
A comprehensive study of principles, philosophy and techniques of
coaching used at the elementary, secondary, and college level. Staff.
Fall, Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 302 (2) Care and
Prevention of Athletic Injuries
Fundamentals of human anatomy, kinesiology, and physiology of exercise
are studied. Prevention, care, and rehabilitation of injury techniques are
analyzed. Discussion and instruction employing hydrotherapy,
electrotherapy, and thermotherapy modalities are presented in the training
room setting. Therapeutic exercise procedures are demonstrated and related
to the overall program of athletic training. Practical lab work includes
assignment to those intercollegiate teams whose sport is in season. Jones.
Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 304 (2) First Aid and
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
A course designed to provide fundamental principles, knowledge, and
skills in First Aid and CPR, leading to American Red Cross certification in
Standard First Aid and Community CPR. (First class meeting mandatory.)
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 312 (1) Lifeguard
Training
Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor and either Physical
Education 304 or valid American Red Cross certification in Standard First
Aid/Community CPR. A course designed to provide the fundamental principles
and skills of lifeguarding, leading to American Red Cross certification.
Remillard, Jacobs.
Fall, Winter

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 313 (2) Water Safety
Instructors' Course
Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor and either Physical
Education 312 or valid American Red Cross certification in lifeguard
training. A course designed to train and certify individuals to teach all
levels of American Red Cross water safety courses. Remillard.
Spring






PHYSICS

(Department of Physics and Engineering)

McCormick Foundation

PROFESSORS WILLIAMS, AKINS, DONAGHY,
NEWBOLT, REESE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR VAN NESS

MAJOR

A major in physics leading to either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a
Bachelor of Science degree requires the completion of 50 credits including
the following:
1. Physics 108, 109, 210, 215, 220, 230, 240 (Engineering 240), 250,
325, 340; and Mathematics 242,
332
2. 13 credits chosen from among the following:
Chemistry 101, 122 or those numbered 200 or above
Computer Science 110, 111, or 195
Engineering numbered 200 or above
Mathematics numbered 300 or above
Physics numbered 200 or above
Additional courses required as prerequisites for completion of the above
include Mathematics 101, 102, and 221.

Physics-Engineering major leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. The
requirements for this program, which is designed for students interested in
the field of physics-engineering, are described under Engineering.

HONORS: An Honors Program in physics is offered for qualified
students; see department head for details.

PHYSICS 100 (Engineering 100) (1) Computing in
Physics and Engineering
Pass/Fail only. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An
introduction to the use of computing tools essential to degree work in
physics and engineering. Students will be instructed in the use of the
university mainframe computer, microcomputers, the university network, word
processing, spreadsheets, computer algebra packages, and advanced symbolic
programming tools such as Mathematics or Maple. Akins and Williams.
Fall

PHYSICS 101 (4) Natural Philosophy I
The study of motion from Copernicus to Einstein. A brief look at the
Copernican Revolution is followed by more detailed studies of Newtonian
mechanics and Einstein's special theory of relativity. Some of the basic
ideas of general relativity and the theory of elementary particles will be
discussed. Designed for non-science students wishing to satisfy the
laboratory science general education requirement. Elementary algebra and
geometry are used in the course. Not open to students who have successfully
completed Physics 108. Laboratory course. Newbolt.
Fall

PHYSICS 102 (3) Natural Philosophy I
The same as Physics 101 without the laboratory. Not open to students
who have successfully completed Physics 108.
Fall
PHYSICS 104 (Chemistry 104) (3) The
Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Theory
An introduction to what is currently the fundamental theory of nature.
Quantum behavior is considered in the context of classical (Newtonian)
notions of waves and particles and is applied to atomic, molecular, and
nuclear systems. The practical and philosophical implications of quantum
theory are examined in detail. No mathematics beyond algebra is assumed.
Desjardins and H. T. Williams.
Winter

PHYSICS 108 (4) General Physics I
Corequisite: Mathematics 101. An introduction to classical mechanics
and thermodynamics. Topics include Newton's laws, fluid statics and
dynamics, wave motion, and the laws of thermodynamics. Laboratory course.
Staff.
Fall

PHYSICS 109 (4) General Physics II
Prerequisite: Physics 108. A continuation of Physics 108. Topics
include electricity and magnetism, optics, relativity, quantum theory, and
nuclear physics. Laboratory course. Staff.
Winter

PHYSICS 110 (3) Energy and the Environment
A study of the basic principles underlying the conversion and use of
energy. Topics include conservation of energy, the second law of
thermodynamics, nuclear energy, solar energy, and the production and
transmission of electrical energy. The effects on the environment of the
various forms of energy will be explored. (May not be used for credit in
the interdepartmental major in the natural sciences and mathematics.)
Donaghy.
Spring

PHYSICS 150 (4) The Immense Journey:
Harmonices Mundi
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. The classical astronomy of
the solar system is traced by a study of Greek astronomy and the
revolutionary ideas of Kepler and Newton. The apparent and real motions of
the earth, moon, and planets are studied in detail as well as special
phenomena such as eclipses, tides and objects such as comets and asteroids.
Emphasis is on comprehension and application of principles rather than
memorization of facts. The laboratory stresses the observational aspects of
astronomy. Elementary geometry, algebra, and trigonometry are used in the
course. (May not be used for credit in the interdepartmental major in the
natural sciences and mathematics.) Laboratory course. Reese.
Spring

PHYSICS 151 (4) Stellar Evolution and Cosmology
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An introduction to the
physics and astronomy of stellar systems and the universe. Stellar
evolution, the special and general theories of relativity and cosmology are
studied. An assessment is made of the probabilities for life elsewhere in
the universe. The feasibility of communication over interstellar distances
is also investigated. Emphasis also is on comprehension and application of
principles rather than memorization of facts. The laboratory stresses the
observational aspects of astronomy. Elementary geometry, algebra, and
trigonometry are used in the course. (May not be used for credit in the
interdepartmental major in the natural sciences and mathematics.)
Laboratory course. Reese.
Fall

PHYSICS 180 (3) Relativity
Prerequisite: Physics 108. An examination of the revolution in physics
necessitated by Einstein's special and general theories of relativity and
the experimental verification of these theories. Newbolt.
Spring

PHYSICS 207 (Engineering 207) (4) Electrical
Circuits
Prerequisite: Physics 109. A detailed study of the methods used in the
analysis of electrical circuits. The laboratory is intended to acquaint the
student with fundamental electronic diagnostic equipment while
investigating the behavior of basic circuit elements and devices such as
transistors and operational amplifiers. Laboratory course. Donaghy.
Fall

PHYSICS 208 (Engineering 208) (4) Electronics
Prerequisite: Physics 109. Analog and digital transistor and
integrated circuit electronics are investigated. The laboratory places
emphasis upon practical situations, circuits, and problems frequently
encountered in experimental research in many disciplines. Laboratory
course. Donaghy.
Winter

PHYSICS 210 (3) Modern Physics
Prerequisite: Physics 109. An introduction to the physics of the
present century with emphasis on relativistic and quantum-mechanical
systems. Newbolt.
Fall

PHYSICS 215 (4) Optics
Prerequisite: Physics 109. A study of the refraction, interference,
diffraction, and polarization of light. Brief discussions of the laser and
holography will be included. Laboratory course. Newbolt.
Winter

PHYSICS 220 (3) Electricity and Magnetism
Prerequisites: Physics 109; Mathematics 242. An introduction to the
classical theory of electric and magnetic fields. The basic equations of
electromagnetism (Maxwell's equations) will be developed through a study of
electrostatics, steady-state magnetism, and electromagnetic induction.
Donaghy.
Winter
PHYSICS 230 (3) Newtonian Mechanics
Prerequisite: Physics 108. A thorough study of Newton's laws of
motion, rigid body motion, and accelerated reference frames. A student may
not receive degree credit for both Engineering 204 and Physics 230. Reese.
Winter

PHYSICS 240 (Engineering 240) (3) Thermodynamics
Prerequisites: Physics 109 and Mathematics 221. A study of the
fundamental concepts of thermodynamics using the postulatory approach.
Thermodynamic equilibrium, engines, and potentials. Maxwell relations.
Introduction to statistical thermodynamics. Applications to problems in
physics and engineering. Van Ness.
Winter

PHYSICS 245 (3) Statistical Physics
Prerequisite: Physics 210 or Physics/Engineering 240. A study of the
statistical methods used in various branches of physics. The Fermi-Dirac
and Bose-Einstein distribution functions will be derived and applied to
problems in thermodynamics and the physics of solids. Donaghy.
Spring

PHYSICS 250 (1) Intermediate Physics Laboratory
Prerequisite: Physics 210. Designed to acquaint the student with some
of the important methods of experimental physics. Experiments in nuclear
and atomic physics will be done. Laboratory course. Newbolt.
Spring

[PHYSICS 315 (4) Nuclear Physics]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
Prerequisites: Physics 210, Mathematics 221. Topics include
radioactivity, nuclear reactions, high-energy physics, and elementary
particles. Laboratory course. Donaghy.

PHYSICS 325 (3) Theoretical Physics
Prerequisites: Physics 220 and 230; Corequisite: Mathematics 242. A
presentation of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms of classical
mechanics; time-dependent and relativistic electromagnetism; special
mathematical methods of physics. Williams.
Fall

PHYSICS 340 (3) Quantum Mechanics
Prerequisite: Physics 210; Corequisite: Mathematics 332. The
Schrodinger wave formalism is established and applied to the harmonic
oscillator, a particle in a square well, and the hydrogen atom. Williams.
Winter

PHYSICS 360 (Engineering 360) (3) Physical
Metallurgy
Prerequisite: Physics/Engineering 240 or Chemistry 261 or permission
of the instructor. An advanced discussion of structure-property relations
of solid materials. Topics include phase equilibria for single and
multi-component systems, diffusion, theory of dislocations, nucleation,
solid solution theory, strengthening mechanisms for metals, alloys, elastic
and plastic deformation. Offered on demand. Van Ness.
Winter

PHYSICS 361 (Engineering 361) (3) Polymer Science and Engineering
Prerequisite: Physics/Engineering 240 or Chemistry 261 or permission
of the instructor. Science and engineering of large molecules. Physical and
chemical structure of polymers correlated with mechanical properties.
Crystal morphology. Production and characterization. Chain statistics and
rubber elasticity. Time and temperature dependent properties of
polymers. Engineering applications. Offered on demand.
Van Ness.
Winter

PHYSICS 401 (1), 402 (2), 403 (3) Directed
Individual Study
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Advanced work and reading
in topics selected by the instructor to fit special needs of advanced
students. This course may be repeated with permission for a total of 6
credits. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICS 421 (1), 422 (2), 423 (3) Directed
Individual Research
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Directed research in
physics. May be repeated for credit with permission of the instructor.
Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PHYSICS 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Fall-Winter




POLITICS

PROFESSORS STRONG, HANDELMAN, HUGHES,
JOHN, McCAUGHRlN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR CONNELLY
ASSISTANT PROFESSORS HALL, RUSCIO, RUSH

MAJOR

A major in politics leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree requires
completion of:
A. Politics 101, 102, 103, 190 and 265
B. Economics 101, 102
C. 18 additional credits in politics to include at least three
credits from each of the following fields:
1. International Relations: 211, 214, 357, 395
2. Comparative Government: 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 260, 380
3. American Government: 229, 230, 232, 330, 335, 340, 342, 362
(Sociology 362), 397, 466
D. Six additional credits from sociology, anthropology, psychology,
and economics

HONORS: An Honors Program in politics is offered for qualified
students; see department head for details.

POLITICS 101 (3) Comparative Government
The study of politics as a primary human activity amid different
governmental structures and functions; possibilities for political change
and its consequences. Staff.
Winter

POLITICS 102 (3) American National Government
A study of the development, organization, and administration of the
national government, with special attention to the role of political
parties, the growth of governmental functions, and the issues involving
constitutional interpretations. Staff.
Fall, Winter

POLITICS 103 (3) Political Analysis
Introduction to the use and limits of quantitative and statistical
methods of analyzing data in order to study political phenomena. Students
may not receive credit for Management 201 and Politics 103. Rush.
Winter

POLITICS 111 (3) Politics: An Introduction
Prerequisite: Limited to freshmen. An exploration of relationships
between the individual and society expressed as justice, law, freedom,
political obligation, and revolution. The inquiry is pursued through the
works of political philosophers, statesmen, dramatists, novelists, and
political commentators and illustrated by ancient regimes and modern
political systems. Hughes.
Fall

POLITICS 190 (1) Bibliographical Resources
An introduction to the use of the Washington and Lee library and other
compilations of information on politics and government. Degree credit is
awarded for only one 190 course regardless of academic discipline. Directed
by Library and Politics Department Staff.
Fall, Winter


POLITICS 203 (Journalism 203) (3) State and
Local Government
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing. An introduction to the structures
and functions of United States subnational governments, with particular
emphasis on the policy-making process and on the relationships between
policy-makers and the public. Computer-assisted analysis of survey-research
data is included. Smith.
Fall, Winter

POLITICS 211 (3) International Relations
Prerequisite: Politics 101. Development and problems of nationalism,
colonialism, and imperialism before World War I; power politics between the
wars, and war as a technique in settling international problems. Movements
toward federation and unification in Europe, resurgent nationalism after
World War II; and bi-polar politics and economics. Intergovernmental
organizations and non-governmental international organizations. Handelman,
McCaughrin, Strong.
Fall, Winter

POLITICS 214 (3) The Conduct of American
Foreign Policy
Prerequisite: Politics 102. Constitutional basis, role of the
President and the Congress, the State Department and the Foreign Service,
role of public opinion, political parties and pressure groups. Relation to
other political areas and to the United Nations and other international
agencies. Handelman, Strong.
Fall, Spring

POLITICS 221 (3) The British Political System
Prerequisite: Politics 101. A study of British constitutional
development and the present government and administration in comparison
with other political models. John.
Fall

POLITICS 223 (3) The Commonwealth of
Independent States
Prerequisite: Politics 101. A study of the CIS with special reference
to the Russian Federation in comparison with other political models.
McCaughrin.
Winter

POLITICS 224 (3) The Japanese Political System
Prerequisite: Politics 101 or permission of the instructor. A study of
the domestic and foreign policies of Japan in the post-World War II period:
Allied occupation and economic recovery, party politics, electoral
behavior, the relationship between the business community and the political
institutions, U.S.-Japanese relations, Japanese defense policy, relations
with East Asia and the People's Republic of China. Handelman.
Winter

POLITICS 225 (3) The Chinese Political System
Prerequisite: Politics 101 or permission of the instructor. A study of
China since 1949; the role of Mao and his thought, the role of the army,
factional disputes within the Communist Party, foreign relations, the
Cultural Revolution, economic development, problems and policies of the
post-Mao era. Handelman.
Fall

POLITICS 226 (Sociology 226) (3) East European Politics and Society
Prerequisite: 3 credits in politics or sociology or permission of the
instructor. A comparative analysis of 8 eastern European countries Albania,
Bulgaria, Czech and Slovak republics, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and the Yugoslav successor states focusing on their history and social,
economic, and political problems since World War II with emphasis on the
recent transition to market economies and democracy. Also, their role in
the international arena will be discussed including relationships with
Russia and the United States. Jasiewicz.
Fall

POLITICS 229 (3) The American Political Process
Prerequisite: Politics 102. Mediating institutions in American
politics; aggregation, articulation, and representation of interests by
political parties, interest groups and the media. Pluralist and
anti-pluralist theories. Connelly.
Winter

POLITICS 230 (Management 230) (3) Public
Administration
Prerequisite: Politics 102. A study of American governmental
administration, primarily at the national level, as a central feature of
modern government. Emphasis is on the differing values, concerns, and
organizational implications of the political, managerial, and legal
approaches to public administration. John.
Winter

POLITICS 232 (3) Public Policy
Prerequisite: Politics 102. Introduction to public policy formation
and implementation, decision-making in government, and the concepts and
techniques of policy analysis. Policy issues such as education, the
environment, and technological change are used as illustrations. Ruscio.
Fall

POLITICS 248 (3) American Political Theory
(Alternate years)
Prerequisites: Politics 102, History 107 or History 108. A critical
examination of the streams of thought which have molded the political life
and institutions of the United States. Hughes.
Spring

POLITICS 260 (3) Comparative Public Policy
Prerequisite: Politics 101 or 232. A comparative analysis of the major
trends in social policy development in the democratic,
industrially-developed nations of western Europe, Japan, Canada, and the
United States. Emphasis is on the politics of social choice through a
cross-national comparison of selected social policies (e.g., in education,
housing, taxation, environmental issues, urban planning), followed by an
analysis of the major goals, issues, and policy alternatives in the areas
of national health care. John.
Spring

POLITICS 265 (3) Political Theory:
Plato to Burke
A survey of classical, medieval and early modern political thought.
Hughes.
Fall, Winter

[POLITICS 266 (3) Recent and
Contemporary Political Thought]
(Spring 1995 and alternate years)
Prerequisite: Politics 265. Majors in philosophy may take this course
without the prerequisite. The examination of 19th and 20th century
political ideas from Utilitarianism and Marxism to contemporary analytic
political philosophy. Hughes.

[POLITICS 269 (3) Logical and Moral Aspects
of Public Decision-Making]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
An examination of certain logical problems in social decision-making
and the normative implications of these problems for public policy-makers.
Hughes.

POLITICS 330 (3) Congress and
The Legislative Process
Prerequisite: Politics 102. How policy is made in Congress and state
legislatures; the role of lobbies; the representative process in democratic
political systems; the relation between the President and Congress.
Connelly.
Fall

POLITICS 335 (3) The Presidency
Prerequisite: Politics 102. A review of the origins and development of
the office of the presidency from Washington to the present with an
emphasis on post-war administrations. Topics include constitutional issues
arising from presidential powers, policy-making within the executive
branch, and modern presidential leadership styles. Connelly, Strong.
Winter

POLITICS 340 (3) Constitutional Law
Prerequisite: Politics 102. A study of the development of
constitutional law through an examination of Supreme Court decisions and
case law. Topics include: the role of the judiciary in a constitutional
democracy and the power of judicial review; constitutional interpretation,
judicial decision-making and legal reasoning; and the principle of
separation of powers. The course will examine both the powers of government
and the rights of individuals. Connelly, Rush.
Fall

POLITICS 342 (3) The Judicial Process
Prerequisites: Politics 102 and permission of the instructor. A
survey of legal theories and the problems of reconciling the demands of
theories of justice with the realities of administering a legal system.
Topics include classical and contemporary conceptions of justice;
contemporary conceptions of legal authority; the limits of judicial power;
constitutionalism; reconciling the rule of law and democracy; and the
function of a legal system. Open to majors and non-majors. Rush.
Winter

POLITICS 357 (3) Strategic Intelligence and
National Defense Policy
Prerequisite: Politics 211 or 214. Collection, organization and
evaluation of interdisciplinary information in world affairs; scholarly and
other uses of strategic intelligence. Problems of civil-military
relationship. McCaughrin, Strong.
Winter
POLITICS 362 (Sociology 362) (3) Organizational
Analysis and Public Policy
Prerequisite: Politics 230 or 232, Sociology 102 or 200 (Religion
200), or permission of the instructor. This course explores the roles of
organizations and institutions in modern society with a focus on political
and economic systems and public policy. Topics include decision making,
organizational design, authority, goal ambiguity, and leadership. Ruscio
Winter

[POLITICS 363 (3) Political Behavior]
Prerequisite: Politics 101 or 103. Major social theories explaining
individual and collective political behavior over time and across nations.
McCaughrin.

POLITICS 375 (Sociology 375) (3) Research
Methods: Analysis of Surveys and Aggregate Data
Prerequisite: Politics 103 or Sociology 102. The rationale and utility
of research and its relation to theory. Logic and techniques of analyzing
opinion surveys and statistical records. Jasiewicz.
Winter

POLITICS 380 (3) Seminar in Comparative Politics
(Alternate years)
Prerequisites: Politics 101 and permission of the instructor.
Examination of selected topics dealing with variation among political
systems. Handelman, McCaughrin.
Fall

POLITICS 390 (3) Special Problems in
Contemporary Political Science
Prerequisite: Junior standing and permission of the instructor. A
seminar in which advanced students examine an issue, concept, or phenomenon
of government. Topic, hour and instructors will be announced prior to
registration period of the term in which it is offered. May be repeated for
credit with permission and if the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

POLITICS 395 (3) International Relations Seminar
Prerequisite: Politics 211 and permission of the instructor. Selected
problems in the analysis of international relations. Typical problems
include arms control, balance of power, coalition formation, conflict
escalation, hegemonic stability, just war, risk management, and strategic
deterrence. Open to majors and non-majors. Staff.
Spring

POLITICS 397 (3) Seminar in American Government
Prerequisites: Politics 102 and permission of the instructor.
Examination of selected topics in American political institutions, ideas,
and processes. May be repeated for credit with permission and if the topics
are different. Staff.
Winter

POLITICS 403 (3), 406 (6) Directed Individual Study
Prerequisites: Grade-point average of 3.0 in politics and permission
of the instructor. This course permits a student to follow a program of
directed reading, library research or data collection and analysis in some
area not covered in other courses. May be repeated for credit with
permission and if the topics are different.
Fall, Winter, Spring
POLITICS 433 (3) Politics Tutorial
Prerequisites: Grade-point average of 3.0 in politics and instructor's
permission. A tutorial focussed on comprehensive works in politics.
Required of Honors students and recommended for prospective graduate
students. McCaughrin and Staff.
Spring

POLITICS 453 (3), 456 (6), 459 (9) Internship
Prerequisites: Grade-point average of 2.50 in politics and 2.50
overall, and permission of the instructor. Supervised off-campus experience
in a governmental agency or political institution. May be repeated for
credit with permission and if the topics are different. Connelly.
Fall, Winter, Spring

POLITICS 466 (6) Washington Term Program
Prerequisites: Grade-point average of 3.0 overall and in politics
courses; Politics 101, 102, or 111. The Washington Term Program aims to
enlarge students' understanding of national politics and governance.
Combining the practical experience of a Capitol Hill internship with
academic study, it affords deeper insight into the processes and problems
of government at the national level. A member of the politics faculty is
the resident director, supervising students enrolled in this program while
they are in Washington. Connelly.
Spring

POLITICS 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Fall-Winter





PSYCHOLOGY

PROFESSORS ELMES, JARRARD, THOMPSON
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS LORIG, MARGAND


MAJOR

The psychology major leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree is designed
for students who have an interest in psychology but do not plan to
undertake graduate study in psychology and allied disciplines. This major
requires completion of 40 credits in psychology and cognate fields
distributed as follows:
1. Psychology 111, 112, 113, 180, 302, 304, and three credits in 403
2. At least one course selected from 204, 207, 210, 211, 220, and
230
3. Two courses selected from 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, and 256
4. 8-9 credits in psychology or cognate courses approved by the
department

The psychology major leading to a Bachelor of Science degree is
designed for students who intend to pursue graduate study in psychology or
allied disciplines. This major requires completion of 49 or 50 credits in
psychology and cognate fields distributed as follows:
1. Psychology 111, 112, 113, 180, 403, and 423
2. Either Psychology 302 or 304
3. At least one course selected from Psychology 204, 207, 210, 211,
220, and 230
4. Two courses selected from Psychology 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, and
256
5. Six credits selected from Psychology 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, and
356
6. 12 credits in biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics,
and physics exclusive of Biology 100, Chemistry 100, Computer
Science 101, and Physics 101, 102, 150, and 151

HONORS: An Honors Program in psychology is offered for qualified
students; see department head for details no later than the winter term of
the sophomore year.

PSYCHOLOGY 111 (3) Brain and Behavior
A Cognitive Science course. An introduction to neuroscience including
the physiological bases of sensation, learning and memory, motivation,
cognition, and abnormal behavior. Jarrard, Lorig.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 112 (3) Cognitive Psychology
A Cognitive Science course. An introduction to human information
processing, including an examination of perception, attention, memory,
problem solving, and language. Elmes, Margand, Thompson.
Fall, Winter, Spring



PSYCHOLOGY 113 (3) Principles of Development
An introduction to the development of individual capacities from
conception through the life span. Analysis of thought and behavior at
different stages of growth with special emphasis on the period from infancy
through adolescence. Elmes, Margand.
Fall, Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 180 (4) Research Design
and Analysis
Prerequisite: 3 credits in psychology. Topics will include the logic
and methods of research design, descriptive statistics, and topics in
statistical inference that are appropriate for hypothesis testing. The
design and analysis of experiments will be stressed. Laboratory course.
Elmes, Thompson.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 204 (3) The Measurement of
Human Traits and Abilities
Prerequisite: 3 credits in psychology. An examination of the theory
and rationale underlying the definition and measurement of human traits and
abilities. The basic mechanisms of test construction are studied, and an
evaluation of currently available standardized tests in the areas of
intelligence, aptitude, interest and personality is made. Thompson.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 207 (3) A Psychological Approach
to Artificial Intelligence
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: Psychology 112 or 3 credits
in computer science. An introductory study of cognition by means of an
examination of computer models and simulations of knowledge representation,
pattern recognition, and problem solving. Thompson.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 210 (3) Principles of
Abnormal Behavior
Prerequisite: 6 credits in psychology. A study of the psychological
aspects of behavior disorders, their nature, determinants, and relationship
to normal behavior. Lorig.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 211 (Sociology 211) (3) Social
Psychology
Prerequisite: 3 credits in psychology and/or sociology or permission
of the instructor. A study of the social determinants of human behavior.
White.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 220 (3) Psychoactive Drugs and
Behavior
Prerequisite: 3 credits in psychology. A course concerning the
psychological, pharmacological, and physiological aspects of drugs.
Consideration will be given to the personality characteristics involved and
the response of society to drug usage. Jarrard.
Spring


PSYCHOLOGY 230 (3) Contemporary Issues in
Child Development
Prerequisites: Psychology 113 and permission of the instructor. The
specific topic in this course will vary from year to year. However, all
will involve seminars on current problems or issues related to the
development of children. Examples include: Issues in Family Research dual
career families, divorce, child abuse, legal rights of children;
Social-Personality Development in the Preschool Years social skills,
effects of peers on development. Some topics may require students to
participate in observation and testing of children in addition to classroom
work. May be repeated for credit with permission and if the topics are
different. Margand.
Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 251 (3) Experimental Psychology: Learning and Retention
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: 3 credits in psychology. The
empirical and theoretical examination of learning and memory. Topics
covered will include conditioning, discrimination, short-term retention,
and long-term retention. Elmes.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 252 (3) Experimental Psychology: Perception
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: Psychology 111 or 112. The
empirical and theoretical examination of perceptual processes. Problems
associated with thresholds, scaling, stimulus localization, and contextual
and social determinants of perception will be considered. Thompson.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 253 (4) Physiological Psychology
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: Psychology 111. The
anatomical, physiological, and chemical bases of behavior will be
considered. Emphasis will be placed on more complex behaviors such as
motivation, learning, and memory. Laboratory course. Jarrard and Lorig.
Fall

[PSYCHOLOGY 254 (3) Experimental Psychology: Language and Thought]
(Not offered in 1993-94)
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisite: Psychology 112. The
empirical and theoretical examination of complex cognitive processes.
Topics covered will include sentence production and comprehension,
language, communication, and problem solving. Elmes.

PSYCHOLOGY 255 (4) Human Neuropsychology
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 111. An
examination of the role of the central nervous system in the production of
human behavior. Special emphasis will be placed on the contribution of the
cerebral cortex to cognitive activity and to the effects of brain injury on
psychological processes. Laboratories will focus on neuropsychological
testing and basic concepts in the brain's distribution of complex function.
Laboratory course. Lorig.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 256 (3) Experimental Psychology:
Socioemotional Development
Prerequisite: Psychology 113. Examination of the theoretical and
developmental aspects of emotions. Topics include understanding emotional
states, empathy, motivation, and self-regulation, and the role of
socialization practices on emotional expression. Margand.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 302 (3) Theories of Personality
Prerequisites: 9 credits in psychology and junior standing. An
examination of the principal interpretations of personality development and
organization. The contribution of Freudian Psychoanalysis and Learning
Theory to most theorizing about personality is emphasized. Lorig.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 304 (3) History and Systems of
Psychology
Prerequisites: 6 credits in psychology and junior standing. A seminar
examining the evolution of modern psychology from its origins in philosophy
and natural science to contemporary systems and theory, with special
emphasis on fundamental psychological issues. Elmes.
Spring

[PSYCHOLOGY 305 (Philosophy 305) (3) Speech
and Cognition]
A Cognitive Science course. Prerequisites: 6 credits in philosophy
and/or psychology. An examination of speech, speech acts, discourse, and
understanding. Martin and Elmes.

PSYCHOLOGY 341 (lnterdepartmental 341) (3)
Bio-Medical Ethics
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An examination of the
issues arising out of the human impact of modern bio-medical research and
practice. Specific issues to be selected from among the following:
abortion, contraception, death and dying, experimentation/research,
genetics evolution and the "new biology," in vitro fertilization, mental
retardation population, public health/community medicine,
science/technology, transplantation. Hodges.
Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 351 (3) Directed Research in Learning and Retention
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 251 or permission
of the instructor. Directed research on a variety of topics in learning and
retention. May not be repeated. Elmes.
Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 352 (3) Directed Research in
Perception
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 252 or permission
of the instructor. Directed research on a variety of topics in perception.
May not be repeated. Thompson.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 353 (3) Directed Research in
Physiological Psychology
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 253 or permission
of the instructor. Directed research on a variety of topics in
physiological psychology. May not be repeated. Jarrard.
Winter

[PSYCHOLOGY 354 (3) Directed Research in
Language and Thought]
(Not offered in 1993-94)
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 254 or permission
of the instructor. Directed research on a variety of topics in language and
thought. May not be repeated. Elmes.

PSYCHOLOGY 355 (3) Directed Research in
Human Neuropsychology
A Cognitive Science Course. Prerequisite: Psychology 255 or permission
of the instructor. Directed research on a variety of topics in human
neuropsychology. May not be repeated. Lorig.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 356 (3) Directed Research in
Socioemotional Development
Prerequisite: Psychology 256 or permission of the instructor. Research
on a variety of topics associated with emotional development. May not be
repeated. Margand.
Fall

PSYCHOLOGY 395 (3) Special Topics in Psychology
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. These seminars are
designed to help the advanced student integrate his or her knowledge of
specific fields into a comprehensive view of psychology both as a science
and as a profession. Specific topics will vary and will be determined, in
part, by student demand. May be repeated for credit with permission and if
the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 403 (3) Directed Individual Study
Prerequisites: 6 credits in psychology and permission of the head of
the department. This seminar involves independent reading and/or research
and is taken by all majors during the fall term of their senior year.
Students are expected to prepare a detailed research proposal based on
their independent work. May be repeated for credit with permission and if
the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter

PSYCHOLOGY 423 (3) Directed Individual Research
Prerequisites: 6 credits chosen from Psychology 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, and 403 and permission of the head of the department. This
course involves independent research and is taken by all candidates for the
Bachelor of Science degree during the winter term of their senior year.
Students will conduct a research project and prepare a paper based on their
work. Staff.
Winter
PSYCHOLOGY 431 (1), 432 (2), 433 (3) Tutorials in Psychology
Prerequisites: 6 credits in psychology and permission of the head of
the department. Advanced reading, directed by a member of the staff to meet
the needs of the individual student. May be repeated for credit with
permission and if the topics are different. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 443 (3) Honors Thesis Proposal
Prerequisite: Honors candidate. Conferences, directed reading, and
exploratory research leading to a topic and formulation of methodology for
the Honors Thesis. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PSYCHOLOGY 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Fall-Winter


PUBLIC POLICY

PROFESSORS JOHN,* WINFREY*
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR RUSCIO*

MAJOR

The public policy major leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree is
designed for students who have an interest in the analysis of public
policy issues. It draws from the perspectives of both economics and
politics. An important feature of the major is the internship program in
which the student becomes involved in public policy-making. The public
policy major may not be combined with other majors in the School of
Commerce, Economics, and Politics.
A major in public policy leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree requires
at least 45 credits as follows:
1. Economics 101, 102, 240, 250, Politics 101, 102, 230, 232, and
269
2. Economics 201 (Management 201) or Politics 103
3. Three courses chosen from among the following: Economics 203
(Management 203), 210, 341, 360, 390
Politics 203 (Journalism 203), 229, 260, 375 (Sociology 375)
4. Economics 345 or Politics 362
5. Public Policy 453 or 456 or 493 (3-3)

HONORS: An Honors Program in public policy is offered for qualified
students. See program coordinators for details.

PUBLIC POLICY 453 (3), 456 (6), 459 (9) Public
Policy Internship
Prerequisites: Either 6 credits in Politics or 6 credits in economics,
and permission of the instructor. An internship with a public or private
institution involved in formulating or administering public policy. The
emphasis will be on developing a project in consultation with a faculty
member and an internship supervisor in the institution. This course is
intended for Public Policy majors. Staff.
Fall, Winter, Spring

PUBLIC POLICY 493 (3-3) Honors Thesis
Fall-Winter

*Public Policy Coordinators

PUBLIC SPEAKING

PROFESSOR RYAN

PUBLIC SPEAKING 201 (3) Principles of
Public Speaking
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An introduction to the
principles of rhetoric in oral discourse. Ryan.
Fall, Winter

PUBLIC SPEAKING 203 (1) Forensic Seminar
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. The student will study the
theory and practice of forensics in one or more of the following formats:
Lincoln-Douglas and audience debating; student congress; and individual
events. Participation in three forensic tournaments is required. This
course may be repeated with permission for a maximum of 4 credits. Ryan.
Fall, Winter

PUBLIC SPEAKING 301 (3) Argumentation
and Debate
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A study of the principles
of argumentation and debate: formulating a proposition, research analysis,
the types of argument, fallacies. Argument in moot legal cases with
practice in direct and cross-examination. Ryan.
Fall

[PUBLIC SPEAKING 302 (3) Persuasion]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
Rhetorical theory from the Classical period to the present will be the
background to a study of persuasion in public speaking from 1930 to the
present. Ryan.

PUBLIC SPEAKING 303 (3) American
Public Address
(Alternate years)
The student will study the speaking and speeches of American orators
with an emphasis on social agitators, religious preaching, Congressional
speaking, and presidential addresses before 1930. Ryan.
Winter

[PUBLIC SPEAKING 304 (3) The Rhetorical
Presidency]
(Spring 1995 and alternate years)
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. The student will study the
rhetorical presidency from FDR to the present. Ryan.

PUBLIC SPEAKING 305 (3) Seminar in
Feminist Rhetoric
(Alternate years)
This course explores how black and white American women addressed the
great theological, political, and social issues of their day in persuasive
speeches from Puritan times to the present. Issues include women in the
pulpit, slavery, woman's suffrage, prohibition, and welfare reform. Ryan.
Spring


PUBLIC SPEAKING 403 (3) Directed
Individual Study
Prerequisites: Six credits from Public Speaking 302, 303, 304, and
305, and permission of the instructor. This course is for students who wish
to write a paper, prepared to publishable standards, on a topic in the
history and criticism of American public address, presidential rhetoric,
political accusations and apologies, or generic criticism. Ryan.
Fall, Winter






RELIGION

PROFESSORS BECKLEY, DAVIS, HODGES*
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MARKS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BROWN

MAJOR

A major in religion leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree requires
completion of at least 33 credits in religion as follows:
1. Religion 282, 473
2. 18 credits in courses numbered 200 or above including at least
one course in each of the following areas of study:
a. Asian Traditions 207, 208, 218, 390
b. Christianity 201, 251, 261, 305, 381
c. Islamic or Judaism 204, 205, 225, 381 (when topic is
Judaism), 384
d. Approaches and Issues 200 (Sociology 200), 212 (Philosophy
212), 217, 221 (Sociology 221), 241, 396
3. Nine additional credits in religion

HONORS: An Honors Program in religion is offered for qualified
students; see department head for details.

*Director of University's program, Society and the Professions: Studies in
Applied Ethics.

RELIGION 100 (3) Introduction to Religion
An introduction to academic approaches to the study of religion, and
an examination of the nature of religion as expressed in the writings,
rituals, doctrines, ethics, and social contexts of Western and non-Western
religious communities. Staff.
Fall, Winter

RELIGION 101 (3) Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
An introduction to the history, literature and interpretation of the
Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). Marks.
Winter

RELIGION 102 (3) New Testament
An introduction to the history, literature and interpretation of the
New Testament. Brown.
Fall, Winter

RELIGION 103 (3) Introduction to Asian Religions
A survey of the teachings, practices, and historical significance of
Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto. Davis.
Fall

RELIGION 150 (3) Christian Ethics and
Moral Problems: Ethics and Economics
A study of Christian perspectives upon a particular moral problem or
problems. Especially designed to introduce freshmen and sophomores to
Christian theological and ethical reflections as related to moral issues.
Topic for 1993: Contemporary Protestant and Roman Catholic views on the
morality of economic activity and systems. Beckley.
Fall

[RELIGION 155 (3) Theology and Ethics of
Martin Luther King, Jr.]
(Spring 1995 and alternate years)
A study of selections from the writings of Martin Luther King, Jr., in
the context of King's leadership of the civil rights movement and the
changing political, economic, and intellectual milieu in which he acted and
thought. Moral issues such as political obligation and civil disobedience,
nonviolent resistance, and political and economic justice will be
considered. Beckley.

[RELIGION 200 (Sociology 200) (3) Religion and American Social
Institutions]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
A study of religion in American society in relation to other
fundamental social institutions family, polity, economy, and education with
special attention to religion and politics. This course meets the general
education requirement in social science only (area 6). White.

RELIGION 201 (3) Contemporary Christian
Theology and Ethics
A critical examination of selected Protestant and Roman Catholic
theologians and ethicists, especially their understandings of God, Jesus
Christ, human nature, and morality. Beckley.
Winter

[RELIGION 204 (3) Readings in Judaism]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
Contemporary debates over "modernity" examined through readings in
traditional Jewish religious life, rabbinic literature, philosophy and
mysticism, Yiddish folk culture, and recent theological and political
writings. Marks.

RELIGION 205 (3) Modern Jewish Thought
(Alternate years)
A study of Jewish religious movements and representative philosophical
and religious writings of the last two centuries. Marks.
Winter

RELIGION 206 (Literature in Translation 206) (3) Modern Jewish Literature
in Translation
Readings in the works of 20th-century authors such as Wiesel, Singer,
and Israeli poets and novelists. The writings will be studied as literary
responses to the historical and religious crises of modern Jewish life in
Europe, the United States, and Israel. This course meets the general
education requirement in literature only (area 3). Marks.
Spring

RELIGION 207 (3) Hinduism and Buddhism
(Alternate years)
A study of the beliefs, practices, and social implications of Hinduism
and Buddhism from pre-history to the present. Buddhism will be studied both
in its early Indian forms and in its later developments in Southeast Asia,
China, and Japan. Davis.
Fall

[RELIGION 208 (3) Japanese Religion and Society]
(Fall 1994 and alternate years)
Historical survey of the religions of Japan (Shinto, Buddhism,
Confucianism, Christianity, and various popular religious movements) from
pre-history to the emergence of Japan as a post-modern industrial giant.
Davis.

RELIGION 212 (Philosophy 212) (3) Philosophy and Religion
An exploration of selected issues such as mystical and numinous
experiences and doctrines, theistic arguments faith and reason, religion
and morality, and religion and secularity. Sessions.
Fall

[RELIGION 217 (3) Religion, Wealth, and Power]
(Winter 1995 and alternate years)
A comparative study of attitudes toward wealth and power in the
development of Europe and Japan. Special attention will be given to the
theories of Max Weber. Davis.

RELIGION 218 (3) Comparative Religious Ethics
(Alternate years)
A study of religious and philosophical justifications of personal
virtue and social integrity in ancient Greece, India, China, and Japan. The
course will cover Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism.
Davis.
Winter

RELIGION 221 (Sociology 221) (3) Sociology of Religion
Theories of the origin and functions of religion; institutionalization
of religious belief, behavior, and social organization; conditions in which
religion maintains social stability and/or generates social change. This
course meets the general education requirement in fine arts, history,
philosophy, and religion only (area 4).White.
Fall

RELIGION 225 (3) Islamic Civilization
An exploration of the religious dimension of current events and
debates in the Muslim world from the perspective of the history of Islam's
religious ideas and forms, literature, social theory, mysticism, and its
varying cultural expressions. Marks.
Fall

[RELIGION 241 (3) Female and Male in Western
Religious Traditions]
(Fall 1994 and alternate years)
A broad survey of the gender specific roles and symbols employed in
Western religious traditions. Explores the development of gendered symbols
and gender-based roles for men and women through close reading of the texts
and traditions of the major Western religions. Readings will be drawn from
several periods in the history of Greco-Roman religions, Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, and will focus both on the emergence and
articulation of "normative" roles for men and women and on some who
challenge the norms in every generation. Brown.

RELIGION 251 (3) Introduction to the
Christian Tradition:Origins of Modern Theology
An introduction to perduring issues in Christian theology and ethics
through study of one or more of the classical Christian theologians. Topic
for 1993: The theology of Friedrich Schleiermacher, "the father of modern
theology," will be examined in relation to Enlightenment philosophy and
traditional Christian theology. May be repeated for credit with permission
and if the topics are different. Beckley.
Fall

RELIGION 261 (3) Early Christian Thought:
"Orthodoxy" and "Heresy"
(Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Religion 102 or permission of the instructor. An
exploration of the boundaries of the early Christian movement and its
evolving patterns of belief in the first four centuries. Questions
addressed include: What is Christian "right-opinion" (i.e. "orthodoxy") and
when does it emerge as a standard of Christian identity? What is "heresy"?
What makes a heretic? and What became of the earliest Christian "heretics"?
Readings in the New Testament, representative writings of early Christians
branded as "heretics" (e.g. the "gnostic gospels") and their critics. The
relevance of these topics for the Christian Church in the 20th century is
addressed. Brown.
Fall

RELIGION 282 (3) Approaches to the
Study of Religion
Prerequisite: A course in religion or permission of the department;
prospective majors and majors should take this course at the earliest
opportunity. A study of approaches to understanding religious life and
thought as found in selected writings in anthropology, philosophy,
psychology, sociology, theology, and comparative religion. Brown.
Winter

RELIGION 305 (3) Seminar in Christian Ethics:
The Ethics of James M. Gustafson
(Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Religion 150, 155, or 201 or permission of the
instructor. A focus upon particular problems, themes or authors in
Christian theological ethics. Topic for 1994: We shall consider four moral
problems suicide, population and nutrition, marriage and family, and
funding for medical research on the basis of James M. Gustafson's
God-centered theology and ethics. May be repeated for credit with
permission and if the topics are different. Beckley.
Spring

RELIGION 381 (3) Seminar in Biblical Studies:
Apocalyptic Literature
Prerequisite: Religion 102 or permission of the instructor. An
exploration of a topic in Biblical studies, focusing on ancient texts and
their interpreters from antiquity to the present. Topic for 1994: A study
of Jewish and Christian writings about Divine intervention at the end of
time. Readings will include ancient apocalyptic texts such as the Book of
Daniel, the Dead Sea Scrolls, II Esdras, selections from the Gospels and
the letters of Paul, and the Book of Revelation, together with studies of
modern apocalyptic thought. May be repeated for credit with permission and
if the topics are different. Brown.
Spring
[RELIGION 384 (3) Seminar in Judaism]
An exploration of a particular topic in Judaic Studies. May be
repeated for credit with permission and if the topics are different. Marks.

[RELIGION 390 (3) Seminar in Asian Religion]
(Spring 1995 and alternate years)
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. A study of specific topics
in Asian religion and society. May be repeated for credit with permission
and if the topics are different. Davis.

RELIGION 396 (3) Seminar in the Sacred
and the Social: Moral Naturalism
(Alternate years.)
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An examination of specific
theoretical issues raised by the study of religion, values, and society.
May be repeated for credit with permission and if the topics are different.
Topic for 1994: Moral naturalism, a comparative study of the religious and
philosophical roots of natural law and natural rights.