ABOUT THIS BOOK

This catalogue issue of Washington and Lee University presents
essential information about the University its character, heritage, and
objectives; its academic programs and degree requirements; its student life
and extracurricular activities; its admissions requirements and procedures;
its costs and financial aid programs; its primary rules and regulations;
its campus and community setting; its facilities for helping students plan
their academic program wisely, reach maturity gracefully, and choose
careers properly.
It also contains, in detail, descriptions of the University s
courses of instruction, registration procedures, a directory of its
personnel and students, and other information used primarily by students
and their faculty advisers in planning academic programs.
This book should enable prospective students to decide whether
or not Washington and Lee is the college for them, whether they might
qualify for admission, benefit from its programs, and fulfill its high
aspirations for their success in life.

Caution: The course offerings and requirements of Washington and Lee
University are under examination and revision continually. This Catalogue
is not a contract; it merely presents the offerings and requirements in
effect at the time of publication and in no way guarantees that the
offerings and requirements will not change.

Note: Washington and Lee University does not discriminate on the basis of
race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or handicap in its
educational programs and activities or with regard to employment. Inquiries
may be directed to the Director of Personnel Services, Washington and Lee
University, Lexington, Virginia 24450, (703) 463-8920.

AN INVITATION

Although a personal interview is not absolutely required in the
admissions procedure, it is highly recommended and all prospective students
and their parents are encouraged to visit Washington and Lee University.
The best time for students to see the University is during the
spring of their junior year in secondary school or in the fall of their
senior year. Candidates should try to schedule their visit on a weekday
while the University is in session so they can meet with students, tour the
campus, and most importantly sit in on a class. Only when current students
are on the campus and classes are being held can the interested visitor
derive valid impressions of the University s character, motivation, and
sense of purpose.
During the school year, the Admissions Office in the Gilliam
House is open from 8:30 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. on weekdays and until noon on
Saturdays. During the summer, the office is open from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00
p.m. on weekdays and closed all day on Saturdays.
Interviews, campus tours, class visits and discussions with
professors can be arranged between 9:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. on weekdays,
Monday through Friday. Visitors are requested to write or telephone the
Admissions Office at least two weeks in advance of their visit so time may
be reserved for them.
All correspondence pertaining to admissions should be addressed
to:
Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, Virginia 24450
Telephone: (703) 463-8710


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I General Information 8
II Student Life 22
III Application to
Washington and Lee 31
IV Expenses and Financial Aid 39
V Rules and Regulations 48
Registration 49
General Requirements 49
Academic Regulations 52
VI The College 66
VII The School of Commerce,
Economics, and Politics 90
VIII The School of Law 96
IX Courses of Study 99
X Matters of Record 191


CORRESPONDENCE DIRECTORY

For Information on: Write to:

Academic Program (The College)
John W. Elrod, Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the College

Academic Program (School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics)
Larry C. Peppers, Dean of School of Commerce, Economics and Politics

Academic Program (School of Law)
Randall P. Bezanson, Dean of the School of Law

Academic Credits and Transcripts
D. Scott Dittman, University Registrar

Admissions and Transfers
William M. Hartog, Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid

Athletics
Michael F. Walsh, Head of the Department of Physical Education & Athletics

Alumni
James D. Farrar, Jr., Director of Alumni Programs and Executive Secretary
of the Alumni Association

Dormitories and Student Housing (Upperclass and Law)
Dennis G. Manning, Dean of Freshmen and Residence Life

Fees and Business Matters
Lawrence W. Broomall, Jr., Treasurer/Chief Financial Officer

Financial Aid
John H. DeCourcy, Director of Student Financial Aid

Foreign Study Adviser
M. Kirkland Follo, Instructor in German

Fraternities
Leroy C. Atkins II, Associate Dean of Students for Greek Affairs and
Student Activities

Freshman Life and Housing
Dennis G. Manning, Dean of Freshmen and Residence Life

General Information
Brian D. Shaw, Director of Communications

Gifts, Bequests, Parents Fund
Farris P. Hotchkiss, Vice President for University Relations & Development

Library
Barbara J. Brown, University Librarian

Minority Student Affairs
Anece F. McCloud, Associate Dean of Students for Minority and International
Student Affairs

Personnel
Robert W. Fox, Jr., Director of Personnel Services

Placement and Career Counseling
Beverly T. Lorig, Associate Director of Career Development and Placement

Registration and Matriculation
D. Scott Dittman, University Registrar

Student Life and Activities
David L. Howison, Dean of Students


GENERAL INFORMATION

HERITAGE

Washington and Lee University s rich historical heritage is
embodied in the very name it bears today. It is an institution that has
been touched and shaped by major men and moments in American history.
In 1749, Scotch-Irish pioneers who had migrated deep into the
Valley of Virginia founded a small classical school called Augusta Academy,
some 20 miles north of what is now Lexington. In 1776, the trustees, fired
by patriotism, changed the name of the school to Liberty Hall. Four years
later the school was moved to the vicinity of Lexington, where in 1782 it
was chartered as Liberty Hall Academy by the Virginia legislature and
empowered to grant degrees. A limestone building, erected in 1793 on the
crest of a ridge overlooking Lexington, burned in 1803, though its ruins
are preserved today as a symbol of the institution s honored past.
In 1796, George Washington saved the school from possible
oblivion, giving the school an endowment gift valued at $50,000 at that
time the largest gift ever made to a private educational institution in
America. This gift remains a part of the University s endowment, and income
has exceeded $500,000. Thus all Washington and Lee students can say that
Washington s gift helps pay a part of the cost of their education every
year.
In 1798, the trustees expressed their gratitude to Washington
by changing the name of the school first to Washington Academy and later to
Washington College. By then, the college was established on its present
grounds. Additional endowment was provided by the Virginia Society of the
Cincinnati and from the estate of John Robinson. These gifts, added to
Washington s, formed the principal financial foundation of the college
until the presidency of Robert E. Lee.
In 1865, the trustees offered the presidency to General Lee, an
offer he initially hesitated to accept, fearing his name, inevitably linked
in the world s mind with the lost Confederate cause, might well prove an
embarrassment to the college in a time of bitter factionalism. On the
repeated urging of the trustees and after turning down many offers of high
positions, both at home and abroad, Lee accepted the presidency of
Washington College. In the end his motivation had been simple as simple as
it was characteristic: from this vantage point he would undertake his final
and most successful campaign, the revision of a college and a curriculum
dedicated to the spiritual and material reconstruction of the South and, of
equal importance to him, the reunification of a divided and embittered
people.
Lee was president for only five years, long enough,
nevertheless, to prove himself one of the most farsighted educational
statesmen of the nineteenth century. By greatly expanding the range of
instruction at Washington College, he transformed it into a truly national
institution, a place where young men of both North and South could study
together in harmony and unity.
Lee instituted a limited electives program while broadening the
science offerings. In 1866, he was instrumental in affiliating the
Lexington Law School with the college, and in 1870, the School of Law
became one of the regular divisions of the college. He instituted programs
in business instruction that led directly in 1906 to the establishment of
the third major branch of the University, the School of Commerce and
Administration (renamed the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics in
1969). He inaugurated courses in journalism, which developed by 1925 into
The School of Journalism which is now the Department of Journalism and Mass
Communications. These courses in business and journalism were the first
offered in colleges in the United States.
Because of his influence and the esteem in which he was held
throughout the nation, Lee was able to enlarge the financial resources of
the college. Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor of the reaper and a native of
the Lexington area, was among the first to contribute. Other contributors
included Warren Newcomb, a New Orleans businessman; Thomas P. Scott, a
former Assistant Secretary of War under Lincoln; George Peabody, a
Massachusetts philanthropist; Henry Ward Beecher; and Samuel J. Tilden.
Lee died in October, 1870, and early the next year the name of
the institution was changed to that which it bears today: Washington and
Lee University. Also, in 1871, Lee s son, G. W. Custis Lee, succeeded his
father in the presidency and served for 26 years.
The development of the University quickened under succeeding
administrations and continues today. New buildings were erected and old
ones modernized. Standards of scholarship were raised, the curriculum
expanded and modernized, the faculty strengthened, and the endowment
increased. Indeed, with the exception of the World War II years, which
dislocated life on every American campus, Washington and Lee s forward
momentum has been maintained during the twentieth century.
Although Washington and Lee was historically an all-male
institution, the School of Law became coeducational in 1972. Then, in July
of 1984, the University s Board of Trustees completed a comprehensive,
year-long study by voting to extend coeducation to the two undergraduate
divisions. The first women undergraduates enrolled in the fall of 1985.
Since the incorporation of the institution in 1782, its
presidents have been: William Graham (1782-1796); Samuel Legrand Campbell
(1797-1799); George Addison Baxter (1799-1829); Louis Marshall (1830-1834);
Henry Vethake (1834-1836); Henry Ruffner (1836-1848); George Junkin
(1848-1861); Robert Edward Lee (1865-1870); George Washington Custis Lee
(1871-1897); William Lyne Wilson (1897-1900); Henry St. George Tucker
(Acting 1900-1901); George Hutcheson Denny (1901-1911); Henry Donald
Campbell and John Lyle Campbell (Acting 1911-1912); Henry Louis Smith
(1912-1929); Robert Henry Tucker (Acting 1930); Francis Pendleton Gaines
(1930-1959); Fred Carrington Cole (1959-1967); William Webb Pusey III
(Acting 1967-1968); Robert Edward Royall Huntley (1968-1983); John Delane
Wilson (1983- ).

LOCATION

Washington and Lee is located in Lexington, Virginia, a
historic city of about 7,000 people in the central part of the Great Valley
of Virginia. The city is some 50 miles northeast of Roanoke, 50 miles
northwest of Lynchburg, and 36 miles southwest of Staunton.
Lexington is just off Interstates 81 and 64 and at the
intersection of U.S. Highways 11 and 60. The Roanoke, Virginia, airport
which is served by US Air is about 45 minutes, via Interstate 81, from
Lexington. Washington, D.C., is approximately three and one-half hours by
automobile.

ACCREDITATION

Washington and Lee University is accredited by the Commission
on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. This
accreditation covers all programs offered by the University. In addition,
the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics is accredited by the
American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business; the School of Law is a
member of the Association of American Law Schools and is approved by the
American Bar Association; the Department of Journalism and Mass
Communications is accredited by the American Council on Education for
Journalism; and the Department of Chemistry is accredited by the American
Chemical Society. The University is approved for veterans education by the
Virginia Department of Education.

MISSION STATEMENT
(Approved May 1988)

Washington and Lee University has two preeminent objectives: to
dedicate all its resources to developing in its students the capacity and
desire to learn, to understand, and to share the fruits of their
intellectual growth, and to pursue its educational mission in a climate of
learning that stresses the importance of the individual, personal honor and
integrity, harmonious relationships with others, and the responsibility to
serve society through the productive use of talent and training.
Independent, non-sectarian, and privately endowed, it comprises three
divisions, one graduate the School of Law and two undergraduate the College
and the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. With a rich heritage
from the past and a history spanning more than two centuries the University
has a profound sense of tradition, but it likewise has a firm commitment to
the ideal embodied in its motto, non incautus futuri, and therefore remains
responsive to changes and innovations that contribute to the realization of
its aims.
Convinced that it helps to meet a vital need in American higher
education by offering undergraduate preparation in the arts and sciences of
the highest possible quality, Washington and Lee provides a program that
demands both broad exposure to the principal areas of human knowledge and
intensive exploration of a single field or discipline. It requires
competence in the use of English and familiarity with a second language;
appreciation of the values of the human experience as derived from a study
of the liberal arts and the social sciences; mastery of the rudiments of
mathematical reasoning and understanding of the nature of scientific
inquiry; and, in keeping with the ancient idea of mens sana in corpore
sano, development of physical fitness and dexterity. It further requires
completion of a major, in one of more than 30 subjects, designed to enable
the student to explore in depth a significant body of knowledge and to grow
in mental discipline and the capacity to deal with complex ideas and
issues. The curriculum as a whole is both broad and exceptionally open to
applied work, as in business, journalism, and engineering science. Through
the regimen of general and concentrated studies the University seeks to
encourage originality and creativity and to nurture all the qualities of a
liberally educated mind, among them intellectual curiosity and unbiased
judgment, critical and analytical power, clarity of thought and precision
of language, patience and open-mindedness, and love of excellence and
desire to understand the world in which we live.
The University recognizes teaching as its central function. It
believes that the personal association of its students with a highly
qualified and motivated faculty holds the greatest promise of inspiring in
them a respect and thirst for knowledge that will continue throughout their
lives. It seeks, therefore, to organize its instructional program in small
classes and to encourage personal attention and a close relationship
between teacher and student. It recognizes, too, that a faculty of eminent
teacher-scholars is essential to the achievement of its educational
purposes and to the success of its academic programs. Accordingly it seeks
to maintain a faculty of men and women who gladly accept the challenge to
teach effectively and whose scholarship and professional development are
vigorous and growing, and it endeavors to compensate its teacher-scholars
in ways appropriate to their training, skill, experience, and effectiveness
in aiding the development of their students. Moreover, because it
recognizes research, scholarly investigation, and creative achievement as
proper companions to the most effective teaching processes, Washington and
Lee attempts to provide ways and means by which its faculty members may
pursue their scholarly and creative interests and by which its students may
be properly introduced to the tools, techniques, and methodology used to
increase knowledge and understanding and stimulated to become involved
themselves in the process of generating knowledge.
Washington and Lee is selective in its enrollment of students.
It chooses young men and women with the highest qualities of intellect,
character, and the promise of future achievement, and it seeks to create a
student body that is geographically, socially, and economically diverse but
unified as an aristocracy of talent. It imposes no other barriers to
admission. For all those qualified to undertake its exacting degree
programs the University seeks to render whatever financial assistance may
be needed for their enrollment.
Through an effective program of self government Washington and
Lee attempts to involve its students in responsible participation in the
affairs of the University. It grants considerable autonomy to them in the
governance of their own affairs and the management of clubs and social
organizations, and, through such means as Omicron Delta Kappa, founded on
the campus and annually recognized at a University convocation, it seeks to
encourage the development of the capacity for leadership that traditionally
has been a distinguishing trait of Washington and Lee graduates. More
important still, it gives to the student body final responsibility for the
Honor System, which has been a powerful and central force throughout the
University from its very beginning during the Lee presidency which rests on
the fundamental principle that a spirit of trust pervades all aspects of
student life. Finally, aware of the great men whose names it bears, the
University seeks to develop in its students the qualities of mind and
spirit they exemplified and demonstrated in their regard for personal honor
and integrity, for duty, for tolerance and humility, and for self-sacrifice
in behalf of their fellow citizens.
Because it believes that student activity outside the classroom
may contribute as much to self-fulfillment as that inside, the University
devotes a substantial part of its resources to enhancing the intellectual
and artistic life of the campus at large and providing extensive athletic
and recreational programs. From both special and general endowments it
funds a wide variety of lectures by distinguished visiting speakers, and it
supports a rich array of programs and exhibits in music, drama, film,
painting, and sculpture. Insofar as its location and resources allow, it
seeks to establish itself as a center of intellect and culture extending
beyond the boundaries of its campus, bringing both direct and indirect
benefits to the surrounding community and providing a series of summer
programs that attract executives, business families, rising high school
seniors, elderly citizens, and alumni from all parts of the country. In
athletics it emphasizes the development of the student-athlete and
maintains a balanced program in a broad range of both intercollegiate and
intramural sports and encourages the use of its recreational facilities for
individual and group exercise.
To determine how well it achieves its aims the University
engages in almost continuous self-examination. The Board of Trustees
regularly reviews through its standing committees the policies governing
the life of the University, modifying them when there is good reason to do
so. At the departmental level, course offerings and major requirements are
regularly reexamined for the purpose of improving academic programs. Each
year virtually every aspect of the University comes under some form of
review by standing and ad hoc committees addressing various questions and
making recommendations, or by members of the faculty and administration
drafting grant proposals for financial assistance. From alumni both
individually and corporately in a board of directors and regional chapters,
come comments and suggestions for further strengthening of the University.
It is in these alumni, in fact, and in their achievements, their loyalty,
and their generosity that the University finds the primary evidence of its
success in reaching its goals.

PHILOSOPHY AND CHARACTERISTICS

Washington and Lee s curriculum and co-curricular activities
are broad and flexible enough to enable students to realize their personal
goals and to lay the foundation for a useful and rewarding life.
In the pursuit of these objectives, Washington and Lee, for
more than 10 generations of American history, has settled on what it knows
to be conditions of excellence. These conditions, listed below, are those
which have made Washington and Lee respected as a place of learning, a
place unique and apart in the national educational scene.

Washington and Lee is small. While there is no virtue in
smallness itself, experience has shown that it does encourage close
personal relationships between students and professors and among the
students themselves. An atmosphere of friendliness and respect prevails
throughout the University. No student is lost in the crowd or becomes a
victim of assembly-line education.

Washington and Lee emphasizes personal honor and integrity. No
one attends the University without becoming aware of new dimensions of
honor and integrity. Accordingly, students are given a large measure of
freedom in governing their own affairs and are represented by active
membership on faculty committees. A student committee is responsible for
student disciplinary matters, and students establish their own rules for
the conduct of dormitory life. The Honor System, which is probably the most
enduring and distinctive feature of student life, is administered entirely
by elected student officials. Students take examinations without
supervision; their word is respected. The same code of honor that governs
academic life guides personal life. Washington and Lee, in the words of
former President Huntley, confidently entrusts the largest possible
measure of choice and freedom to its students and its faculty, requiring
conformity of no one, prizing an environment in which tolerance, integrity,
and respect for others tend to prevent misidentifying independence of
thought with lack of self-discipline or humorless contempt.

Washington and Lee strives for intellectual distinction. Its
steady purpose is to be one of the nation s great teaching colleges.
Research is encouraged as part of the learning and teaching process, not as
a substitute for it, or for a way of determining promotion or tenure of its
faculty. Ideally, the University believes, teaching and research cannot,
and should not, be separated. Washington and Lee fosters an academic
community in which both teachers and students constantly learn in
classrooms and laboratories, in private research, in the informal
give-and-take of extemporaneous discussions. With access to extensive
collections of books, modern and sophisticated equipment, and expert
guidance, students have unusual opportunities for research. Nonetheless,
the teaching of undergraduates is the primary function of the Washington
and Lee faculty. In short, all students are taught by professors, not by
teaching assistants or graduate students.

Washington and Lee maintains a strong faculty. A significantly
large number of the University s professors hold the Ph.D. degree or
equivalent earned doctoral degree, and all faculty members are active in
continuing self-development as scholars and teachers. The retention of a
faculty of the highest merit is given priority. A recent report of the
American Association of University Professors on the comparative ranking of
American colleges and universities in average compensation of full-time
faculty listed Washington and Lee among the top schools of comparable size
in the country.

Washington and Lee emphasizes the liberal arts and sciences.
Whatever the particular goal of individual students may be, the University
constantly strives to extend their range of knowledge and human
understanding beyond the limits of their specialty. Washington and Lee s
curriculum stresses the humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences
and their relationship to professional studies. The aim of the curriculum
is to free the mind, lead to understanding, create humility and tolerance,
and afford a basis for continuing study and learning. Under the guidance of
faculty advisers, students are given extensive freedom in choosing courses
of study. Breadth is the aim of the first two years of work; mastery of a
particular study is the aim of the work of the junior and senior years.
Students may also take part in one of the University s special programs
that span several academic disciplines.

Washington and Lee enjoys freedom from outside control. The
University is a privately endowed institution, governed by a Board of
Trustees of 30 members. Free of any control of church or state, the
University is dedicated to the democratic form of social organization, to
the dignity of the individual, and to the ancient freedoms, particularly to
liberty of the mind with its attendant right of inquiry. Hence, the
University is free to chart its own course, consistent with the highest
educational standards, its traditions, and its aims of service to mankind.

Washington and Lee is a national institution. Although the
University is located in the South, its student body represents broad
geographic, social and economic cross-sections of the nation. The balance
between students from various regions of the United States remains fairly
equal. The University seeks and admits students of all racial, ethnic,
educational, and religious backgrounds striving to achieve economic and
social diversity among its students. The University has found that the size
or type of secondary schools students come from has little bearing on their
success at Washington and Lee, provided they are well prepared and
motivated. Economic backgrounds of students vary widely, and the University
is able to give financial assistance to nearly all students with need.

ACADEMIC OBJECTIVES

Academic responsibilities come first at Washington and Lee.
Courses of study are arranged so that intelligent young men and women who
are willing to work and to work hard can prepare to attain their goals,
whatever those goals may be.
This is not to suggest that upon graduation their education
will be complete. But in their undergraduate years at Washington and Lee,
students should master much basic knowledge; they should learn to think
deliberately, critically, and analytically; they should develop new powers
of reasoning that enable them to reach valid conclusions; they should learn
where and how to find answers to questions and to solve problems. As a
result, students should be prepared to go on to graduate or professional
school or to begin their life s work immediately. In either case, they
should have acquired the tools of learning which will serve them and
sustain them throughout life. Generations of successful Washington and Lee
graduates attest to this fact, for they may be found in positions of
leadership in all phases of human endeavor.
THE COLLEGE

The College is the division of the University that includes the
freshman year and advanced work in the humanities, natural sciences,
mathematics and computer science, and in certain social sciences
(psychology, sociology, and anthropology). The College provides the
essentials of a liberal education to all undergraduates before they enter
fields of specialization, and it presents courses preliminary to
professional training in such fields as business, engineering, journalism,
law, medicine, ministry, and teaching. The College offers the Bachelor of
Arts degree, the Bachelor of Science degree, and the Bachelor of Science
degree with Special Attainments in Chemistry.
All students whether they intend to pursue majors in the
College or in the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics are enrolled
in the College during their freshman year.

THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE,
ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS

The School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics consists of the
Departments of Accounting, Economics, Management, and Politics. The School
offers the Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in Commerce
and the Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in economics, politics, or
public policy.
Although each has its own faculty and is administered by its
own dean, there is a close relationship between the College and the School
of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Students majoring in the College
often elect courses in the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics to
fulfill certain requirements or to take courses they particularly desire.
In the same way, students in the School of Commerce, Economics, and
Politics frequently elect courses in the College.

THE SCHOOL OF LAW

The School of Law, with its own dean and faculty, offers the
Juris Doctor degree, normally achieved in three years of postgraduate work.
The law curriculum is designed to acquaint students with the basic
principles of law and to train them in legal analysis essential to
successful practice of law. It is also valuable to them in many other
activities.
The University offers a 3-3 program under which a Washington
and Lee undergraduate student with exceptionally good credentials may
receive a B.A. degree or a B.S. degree with special attainments in commerce
in combination with first-year law studies.

THE JAMES G. LEYBURN LIBRARY

The James G. Leyburn Library, located directly behind
Washington Hall on the University s back campus, was completed in 1979. It
has individual study carrels for more than 600 students, 31 locked studies
for faculty doing research and students writing honors theses, conference
and seminar rooms, and a 100-person auditorium for campus and community
cultural events. Leyburn Library includes four departmental collections
(chemistry, geology, journalism and mass communications, and physics and
engineering) and a reading room in the School of Commerce, Economics, and
Politics.
The library s on-line information system, Annie, provides
access to materials in all formats in Leyburn Library, its branches, and
the Law Library. Annie is also the gateway to the electronic resources
available on the Internet. Students and faculty have access to Annie from
terminals located throughout the libraries, workstations on the campus
network, and dial-in access from dorm rooms and off-campus locations. The
library is a member of the Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET) and uses
the OCLC national database for cataloging and interlibrary loan purposes.
The Leyburn Library is open 24 hours daily when classes are in
session. Individual reference assistance is available 60 hours per week. In
addition, the reference librarians lecture to specific classes and teach
research methods and bibliographical resources in the following
disciplines: art, biology, chemistry, East Asian studies, economics,
English, history, journalism and mass communications, politics, religion,
Russian studies, sociology, and Spanish. The Media Center provides a wide
range of audiovisual services to the University community. The Special
Collections Department includes rare books and manuscripts and the
University archives, with a collection emphasis on the history of the
University and Rockbridge County, of the Confederacy, and the settlement of
the Shenandoah Valley.

SPECIAL PROGRAMS

The University offers a variety of programs of exceptional
academic merit, intellectual stimulation, and practical value. These
programs include:
Honors majors
University Scholars Program
Robert E. Lee Undergraduate Research Program
Combined plan programs in engineering and in forestry and
environmental studies
Independent work and interdepartmental majors, including
cognitive science, neuroscience, and public policy
The Seven College EXCHANGE Consortium with area colleges
East Asian and Russian area study programs
Program in Society and the Professions: Studies in Applied
Ethics
Foreign study programs
Baccalaureate degree programs in combination with first-year
law studies
(The details of these programs will be found in the sections on
the College and the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics.)

SPECIAL FEATURES

Sciences: Washington and Lee s facilities for teaching and
research in the sciences are of a quality seldom found at the undergraduate
level. Parmly Hall and Howe Hall have well-equipped classrooms and
laboratories for general instruction, special laboratories for faculty and
student research activities, departmental libraries, and museums.
Additional features include an observatory in physics, a vivarium and
greenhouse in biology, an instrumental analysis laboratory in chemistry,
and a seismograph and scanning electron microscope with analytical
capabilities in geology.
Many members of the science faculty participate in on-campus
research programs sponsored by the National Science Foundation and other
organizations. Undergraduates often assist professors in this research, and
students in the sciences are frequent participants in the University s
pioneering Robert E. Lee Research Program.

The Arts: The Art Department offers a major with courses in
studio art and art history. It is housed in duPont Hall and Howe Annex. The
department has special accommodations for viewing its collection of over
100,000 color slides of representative art. Regular exhibitions of
paintings, sculpture, prints, and photographs are held in the gallery of
duPont Hall.
The Music Department is also located in duPont Hall and offers
a comprehensive major. Courses in theory, composition, and music history
are offered as well as instruction in piano, voice, strings, woodwinds and
vocal and instrumental ensembles. Its collection of some 4,000 recordings
on discs and tapes and facilities for listening are located in the Anderson
Music Room in duPont Hall. Through the Concert Guild and Sonoklect, the
annual new music festival, the department makes numerous professional
concerts available to the University community each year.
The Theatre Department offers courses in all areas of dramatic
art as well as a major. Several productions a year by the University
Theatre not only utilize talent from the entire University but also provide
important laboratory experience for theatre majors. The department is
located in the Lenfest Center for the Performing Arts.

Art Collections: The University possesses major art
collections, including the Washington-Custis-Lee portraits, the Vincent L.
Bradford collection of 19th-century American paintings, the Thomas F.
Torrey, II collection of landscape paintings, the Stan Kamen collection of
western art, the Sydney and Frances Lewis collection of 20th-century art,
and the Jacob and Bernice Weinstein collection of modern art. In 1967 the
University received 4,000 ceramic objects from Mr. and Mrs. Euchlin D.
Reeves, including an important collection of 17th-, 18th-, and 19th-century
Chinese Export porcelain. This collection and the paintings of Mrs. Reeves
(Louise Herreshoff) are housed in a research and exhibition center on
campus. Recent additions to the art collections of the University include
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ceramics, bronzes, and jades on exhibit in
the Watson Pavilion for Asian Arts which opened in 1993.

Language Laboratory: This modern electronic audio-visual
learning center is used by all modern foreign language departments and by
other departments wishing to offer independent use of audio or visual
materials. The laboratory offers students and faculty an ever increasing
variety of current materials and the opportunity to work with the newest
electronic systems. The language lab is available approximately 60 hours
per week with 42 audio positions in the Tandberg IS-10 lab. It is open for
individual student use and may also be used as an audiovisual classroom.
The facility is further enhanced by color graphic personal computers which
offer programs for students in Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Latin,
and Russian, and which may be additionally used for typing and spell
checking papers in French, German, and Spanish. There are also eight
Digital VT-220 online terminals in the language lab which run drills and
tests written by the foreign language faculty for students in Chinese,
French, German, and Spanish. Also available for student use is the Apple
IIGS computer which is used primarily for tutorial assistance in German and
Latin. The language lab has Macintosh computers which are used for word
processing in several languages, as well as for developing and executing
video interactive exercises with Pioneer 4200 laser disc players.
International satellite television is available for student viewing, and in
particular, students have access to television news broadcasts in 38
languages via the SCOLA (Satellite Communications for Learning) network.

Journalism and Mass Communications: The Lee Memorial Journalism
Foundation was established at Washington and Lee in 1925 through an
endowment inaugurated by the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association. The
foundation honored General Lee because of his interest in promoting
college-level instruction in journalism. The Department of Journalism and
Mass Communications supervises the operation of WLUR-FM, the campus radio
station, and Cable 2, a television studio and control room serving as a
laboratory for television courses.

UNIVERSITY COMPUTING

The University s central academic computers, its numerous
microcomputers, and the network that links all academic computing resources
are available to students and professors for instructional and research
purposes and for independent study and self education. Computing based on
sharing the use of one central mainframe is no longer a model that
describes academic computing at Washington and Lee. Instead, diverse
computing resources in every corner of the University are linked by a
high-speed network making them available to the users who need them. The
major programming languages, electronic mail systems, powerful statistical
packages, electronic spreadsheets and databases, and sophisticated
document-preparation programs are present in this environment. These tools
are available to everyone in the University community and complement other,
discipline-specific uses of computers, like vocabulary drills in language
instruction, financial models in commerce, finite element packages in
chemistry, or legal reference services in law. The University network links
not only its academic computing resources but also the on-line catalog of
its libraries, and an increasing proportion of library resources in
electronic form, both at W&L and elsewhere. Students and faculty can also
exchange computer mail, files, information, and access with thousands of
locations on the global Internet. General instruction in computing
applications is supported by the Academic Computing staff, whose mission is
to facilitate the free and unrestricted use of all academic computing
resources.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

Washington and Lee University is a member of the
Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, one of only a
few undergraduate institutions of its size to be affiliated. Membership in
the ICPSR makes available to students in political science, law, sociology,
and journalism courses a large body of original data on national elections,
including presidential election surveys since 1952, census data,
legislative roll calls, elite studies, and international opinion surveys.
Using the PRIME 9955 Computer, students analyze such data in class
projects, term papers, and honors theses. Recent projects include
examination of voting behavior patterns, the impact of Watergate, the
effect of the mass media, the impact of urban crime, and people s images of
presidential candidates. Classes and individual students use computer
simulations to study population trends, the anticipated effects of energy
policies, and the consequences of budgetary decisions. Seniors who acquire
facility in data processing may undertake significant original research
under the Robert E. Lee Research Program. Others undertake internships with
local and state government, with the political parties and on Capitol Hill.
Social Science research is supported with the use of the Leyburn Library s
Automated Information Retrieval System (AIRS) in conducting sophisticated
bibliographic searches through the DIALOG and BRS systems. Computerized
data resources are available through the TELENET, DATABASE, and CITIBASE
systems.

SHENANDOAH

Since 1950, the University has published Shenandoah: The
Washington and Lee University Review. Starting as a folio publication,
Shenandoah s initial issues were edited by students, with faculty members
acting in an advisory capacity. Among the young men who founded the
magazine and contributed to its pages were Tom Wolfe and William Hoffman,
who have taken their places among the best writers in the nation. Early
contributors to Shenandoah also included e. e. cummings, Arnold Toynbee,
Caroline Gordon, G. S. Fraser, and W. H. Auden.
Since its illustrious beginning, Shenandoah has increased in
size and circulation to become the 120-page international literary
quarterly it is today. Its reputation for high-quality fiction, poetry and
essays from new and established writers continues to attract the best
talent in the world. The work of people such as James Dickey, Katherine
Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, Daniel Hoffman, Robert Lowell and Seamus Heaney
have routinely graced its pages, and its fiction and poetry are annually
selected for inclusion in award volumes, including The Pushcart Prize, The
O. Henry Awards, and The Best American Essays.
Shenandoah offers three annual awards: The Jeanne Charpiot
Goodheart Prize for Fiction, The Thomas H. Carter Prize for the Essay, and
The James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry.

LECTURES AND CONFERENCES

Throughout the year, many important lectures, readings, and
panel discussions are presented on both scholarly topics and issues current
in public life. Visiting speakers often remain on campus for a day or two,
sometimes longer, meeting with students in classes, in small groups, and at
meals for face-to-face exchanges of ideas. Many of these talks and programs
are endowed, including the following:

The Phi Beta Kappa-Society of the Cincinnati Lecture: Recent
lecturers have included Robert Nozick, professor of philosophy at Harvard
University; Marvin Henberg, 70, director of the honors program at the
University of Idaho; and John McCardell, 71, President of Middlebury
College.

The ODK-Founders Day Lecture: Held on or about January 19, the
Founders s Day assembly is traditionally addressed by the president of the
University.
The Tucker Lecture: This lecture was named for the late John
Randolph Tucker, dean of the School of Law, president of the American Bar
Association, and member of Congress. The inaugural lecture was delivered by
the late Hon. John W. Davis, 1892, 1895L. Since its establishment by the
Board of Trustees in 1949, the annual lecture has been given by notable
judges, academics, and members of the bar throughout the nation.

The Glasgow Endowment: Established in 1960 by the late Arthur
G. Glasgow, the program has brought to Washington and Lee many
distinguished novelists, poets, dramatists, and critics. Recent Glasgow
speakers have included Robertson Davies, William Styron, Willie Morris,
Shelby Hearon, Peter Carey, John Updike, Rita Dove, Reynolds Price and
Margaret Gibson.

The Philip Fullerton Howerton Fund for Special Programs in the
Department of Religion: The Howerton Fund sponsors a broad array of events
and activities treating the relevance of Christian faith to contemporary
culture and life, most often through visiting lecturers, conferences, and
course supplements. Among the eight speakers sponsored during 1993-94 are
Holmes Rolston, III, philosophy, Colorado State University; David
Hollenbach, S.J., social ethics, Boston College; James M. Gustafson,
theological ethics, Emory University; and Neville Richardson, theology,
University of Natal, South Africa, who was also a Howerton visiting
professor in 1987-88.

The Shannon-Clark Lecture in English: Established in 1982, the
program was named in honor of both a longtime head of the University s
English department and a relative of the donor. The inaugural lecture was
delivered by Edgar F. Shannon, Jr., 39, the son of one of the honorees,
former president of the University of Virginia, and a Trustee Emeritus of
Washington and Lee. Recent Shannon-Clark Lecturers have included Jane
Tompkins, Denis Donoghue, Elizabeth D. Kirk, and J. Hillis Miller.
The Telford Lectures: Recent distinguished Telford lecturers
have included Oscar Arias, former president of Costa Rica; Jimmy Carter,
former president of the United States; and Shelby Foote, Civil War
historian and novelist.
The Elizabeth Lewis Otey Lectures: Designed to bring to campus
women of outstanding achievement, this series of lectures was inaugurated
in 1987 by Rep. Patricia Schroeder (D-Col). Other Otey lecturers have
included Elaine Showalter, Eleanor Holmes Norton, the Hon. Sandra Day
O Connor, and Susan Stamberg.

Departmental Lecturers: About two dozen speakers are brought to
campus each year by various departments. Recent speakers, who have
addressed audiences large and small, include Virginia Trimble,
astrophysics; Luis Ortega, history; Horst Kaspar, German; Alexei Yablokov,
politics; Hoyt Duggan, English; Dorothy Gillespie, art; John Dahlburg,
journalism; William Ridley, chemistry; Lin Yutang, religion; Maryna Albert,
Russian studies; Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, sociology; Frank Morgan, math; Kim
Bruce, computer science; Joan Harkness, romance languages; and Mark
Morford, classics.

Contact: This program is financed and administered by the
student body through a committee representing a wide variety of student
interests and perspectives. Contact strives to sponsor prominent speakers
who address important contemporary issues in the United States and
world-wide. Recent events have included a panel discussion on U.S. policy
in Somalia, a debate on reproductive rights in the 90s, and a debate on
drug laws; speakers have included Phyllis Schafley, Karel Dyba, Faye
Wattleton, Richard Cheney, James Farmer, and Ron Chernow.

Minority Student Association: Notable speakers brought to the
campus have included Nikki Giovanni, poet and professor at Virginia
Technical University; Hosea Williams, Atlanta city councilman; Dr. C. T.
Vivian, ordained Baptist minister and an international authority on human
rights; Noel Taylor, retired mayor of Roanoke, Va.; Cheryl Townsend Gilkes,
MacArthur associate professor at Colby College; and James Farmer, noted
civil rights leader and author.

MOCK CONVENTION

Washington and Lee s famous Mock Convention is held in the
spring of every presidential-election year. The entire student body
participates in this political exercise aimed at choosing the presidential
candidate of the party out of power in the White House. The Mock Convention
has achieved a remarkable record of accuracy and is considered to be the
most realistic event of its kind in the nation. Every student has an
opportunity to participate in at least one Mock Convention during a
four-year career at Washington and Lee. The next Mock Convention is planned
for March 1996.

MILITARY PROGRAMS

Military opportunities for Washington and Lee students include
participation in the Nuclear Power Officers Candidate Program,
Seaman/Airman Program and the Ready Mariners Program sponsored by the U.S.
Navy and the Marine Corps Platoon Leaders Class sponsored by the U.S.
Marine Corps. Further information on these programs may be obtained by
contacting the local Navy and Marine recruiters.

CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND PLACEMENT

The Career Development and Placement Office provides full
career services to assist students in planning their futures. Available to
students from freshman through senior year, these services include career
counseling, testing, and assessment; advice about graduate and professional
schools; guidance in selecting academic majors and establishing career
goals; direction in seeking and applying for internships; job search
training and advice; a credentials service; on-campus recruitment and
vacancy listings; and job search referrals to alumni and community
resources.
Various nationally recognized companies and agencies recruit on
campus to fill full-time positions, summer employment needs, and internship
opportunities. A series of training and application workshops prepares
students for a systematic job search: resume and cover letter preparation,
interviewing training, practice interviews, and resume critique sessions.
Career awareness is enhanced by the availability of the career library,
career lectures, career and job fairs, and the alumni advisory network.
Students needing assistance with any career concerns may
arrange to see the appropriate staff member of the Career Development and
Placement Office in the University Center. Announcements and notices are
posted on the bulletin boards near the office, and the newsletter W&L
Careers is published each month of the academic year.

ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE HANDICAPPED

Washington and Lee s academic and other programs are made fully
available to handicapped students. The University s newest buildings law
school, library, gymnasium, Gaines Residence Hall, and commerce school are
accessible to the handicapped as are some of the older buildings including
the dormitories, dining hall, and art gallery. The University is
systematically carrying out a plan to make other areas of the campus
similarly accessible. Washington and Lee seeks to treat each handicapped
student as an individual, and when necessary adapts schedules, changes
class locations, and makes other arrangements to accommodate the
handicapped student s curricular program.

LEARNING DISABILITIES

The University will make reasonable academic accommodations to
otherwise qualified individuals with a handicap when evidence of the
handicap is supported by the appropriate diagnostic testing. Where
possible, instructors will make adjustments in course formats and
pedagogical methods to offset the special problems of these students. It is
the individual s responsibility to bring to the attention of the University
the need for reasonable academic accommodation due to a qualifying
disability. Where there is evidence that a student may be handicapped by a
learning disability, the University may make arrangements for diagnostic
testing at the student s expense through the Office of the Dean of the
College.


THE CAMPUS

The Washington and Lee campus is renowned for its beauty,
charm, and historical significance. In 1972, the front campus was
designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of Interior, only
the third college campus in the country to be so designated. The main
campus consists of approximately 50 acres. In addition, there are about 40
acres of playing fields, 215 acres of unimproved land, and 17 acres in
various sections of Lexington.
The Washington College Group comprises the three oldest
buildings on the campus: Washington Hall, Robinson Hall, and Payne Hall.
These three buildings together with Newcomb Hall and Tucker Hall, general
academic buildings, form the Colonnade, one of the University s most
picturesque features.
Lee Chapel, constructed under President Lee s supervision,
faces the Colonnade. Its auditorium seats approximately 600 persons. The
Chapel was completely restored in 1962-63 and has been designated a
National Historic Landmark. General Lee and many members of his family are
buried in the Chapel.
Other principal buildings on the front campus are the
President s House, also built to Lee s specifications, four antebellum
houses (including the Lee-Jackson House, a faculty residence, the Morris
House, the University s guest house and seminar/reception center, the
Reeves Center for Research and Exhibition of Porcelain and Paintings, and
the Gilliam Admissions House) and the Alumni House, a former faculty house
renovated through the contributions of alumni.
A new addition to the front campus is the Watson Pavilion for
Asian Arts, which exhibits collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
ceramics given or on loan to the University.
Buildings on the back-campus mall include the home of the
School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, the Leyburn Library, duPont
Hall, Howe Hall, Parmly Hall, and Reid Hall.
The Graham-Lees Freshman Dormitory is located near the
University Store, which contains a supply store, bookstore, and snack bar.
Nearby is another freshman dormitory complex including the
Frank J. Gilliam Dormitory, Newton D. Baker Dormitory and John W. Davis
Dormitory. Adjacent to those dormitories is the Francis P. Gaines Residence
Hall. Woods Creek Apartments, located on the back campus, provide
additional housing.
Across Nelson Street from Gaines Hall is the Lenfest Center for
the Performing Arts, which was completed in 1991.
Letitia Pate Evans Dining Hall is adjacent to the dormitory
complex and is connected to the Early-Fielding University Center,
containing facilities for student organizations and recreation.
Lewis Hall, on the northern edge of the campus, houses the
School of Law which contains the Lewis F. Powell archives.
Athletic and physical education facilities include Doremus
Gymnasium, Jonathan Westervelt Warner Athletic Center, Wilson Field,
Alumni Field, and Smith Field, and other athletic facilities, including
over a dozen tennis courts.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Washington and Lee is fortunate in its natural surroundings.
The environment is primarily rural, and Lexington remains remarkably free
from the problems associated with highly industrialized and urbanized
areas.
In 1805, a Washington Academy professor, surveying the
countryside from atop the college building, exclaimed: If this scene were
set down in the middle of Europe, the whole continent would flock to see
it! More recently, the English poet John Drinkwater said Washington and
Lee s setting was the most beautiful of any college in America.
Washington and Lee people become quickly at ease with their
surroundings the mountains, the rivers and lakes, the forests. Goshen Pass,
where one can picnic or study on the banks of the beautiful Maury River or
swim in it, or sun on a rock in its middle is a favorite student retreat.
The Pass is a half hour s drive from the campus. But the Maury offers other
opportunities for swimming and fishing within walking distance of the
campus.
Other nearby recreational areas include Sherando and Cave
Mountain Lakes, both administered by the U.S. Forest Service, and several
state parks. The Blue Ridge Parkway, noted for its scenic beauty and
breath-taking panoramas, is nearby. Skiing facilities are available within
easy driving distance. The George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
surround Lexington and guarantee that this priceless environment will be
preserved.
Just west of Lexington, House Mountain stands with its striking
twin ridges in the midst of rolling countryside. It is a popular hiking
area for Washington and Lee students. Deer, bears, turkeys, birds and other
game are plentiful in hunting season, and fish are abundant in the many
streams in the area.
With an altitude of 1,100 feet, Lexington enjoys a varied and
delightful climate. Summers are comfortable, and there is frequent snow in
winter.
Washington and Lee students regard this remarkable and
pleasurable environment and the broad opportunities to develop a close
relationship with it as one of the many advantages of Washington and Lee
University.