REGISTRATION

Faculty members are available for consultation and advice in the
planning of a student s academic program, and special attention is given to
freshmen in September. However, all students are expected to give thoughtful
consideration to the selection of courses before consulting their faculty
adviser; further, individual students assume full responsibility for
compliance with all academic requirements.
Students in the College and in the School of Commerce, Economics,
and Politics are subject to the following rules and procedures concerning
registration for courses:
1. Current students who plan to return in September are
required to register for the fall term during early May at times to be
announced. Registration for the winter and spring terms will be accomplished
at times specified during November and February.
2. A student is subject to fees of $25 for failure to comply
with the stated registration schedule and $25 for failure to comply with the
stated matriculation schedule. These are in addition to any other fee, and
each failure to comply shall subject the student to a separate fee. The
schedule of registration/matriculation for the opening of the academic year
is indicated in the calendar (see last page).
After the drop/add period, the late registration fee is increased
to $50. Students who do not register by midterm, regardless of reason, will
be automatically withdrawn from W&L. If they subsequently can demonstrate
extenuating circumstances, they may apply for readmission and may petition
the Faculty Executive Committee for permission to submit a late registration.
3. Students with unpaid financial obligations to the University
will not be permitted to register or matriculate for any term of any academic
year. They are still responsible for paying appropriate fees as outlined
above.

CHANGES IN CATALOGUE INFORMATION

Caution: The course offerings and requirements of Washington and Lee
University are under examination and revision continually. This Catalogue is
not a contract; it merely presents the offerings and requirements in effect
at the time of publication and in no way guarantees that the offerings and
requirements will not change. The University specifically reserves the right
to change requirements for any major during any particular year.
Whenever changes in course offerings or requirements occur,
students will be notified by a posting outside the Office of the University
Registrar. The individual student assumes full responsibility for compliance
with all academic requirements. Current course offerings may be obtained from
the appropriate department. Current major and degree requirements may be
obtained from the University Registrar, the Dean of the College, the Dean of
the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, or from the head of the
appropriate department.


GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Students enrolled in either the College or the School of
Commerce, Economics, and Politics must conform to a number of general
requirements for degrees and to related regulations. The Board of Trustees
awards degrees upon the recommendation of the faculty.
1. Requirements for Degree: A candidate for any undergraduate
degree must present a total of 121 credits. The above requirement includes
one credit (five courses) of 100- and 200-level work in physical education.
To graduate, a student must achieve at least the following
cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and
Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree requirements; and
2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole and in the major subject.
The major is defined as a group of required and/or optional
courses designated by a department or an individual and subject to the
approval of the Committee on Courses and Degrees. A group major is one
leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in the School of Commerce, Economics,
and Politics. The major subject is the group of courses within the specific
discipline(s) named by the major and submitted to satisfy degree requirements
for the major (e.g., economics courses satisfying requirements of the
economics major).
2. Application: Applications for degrees must be filed with the
University Registrar on or before June 1, if the degree is to be taken in
December, and on or before October 1, if the degree is to be taken in June.
Late applications may be made only on payment of a penalty fee of $25 and
will not be accepted after January 15 for June candidates.
3. Resident Study: Washington and Lee will confer a degree only
upon completion of a minimum of two years of resident study as a full-time
student including the three terms immediately preceding a student s
graduation. The Committee on Courses and Degrees may make exceptions to this
rule for educational reasons endorsed by a student s major department or, in
the case of a student with an independent or interdepartmental major, for
educational reasons endorsed by a student s major adviser. The Committee may
also make exceptions to this rule to permit unsuccessful degree candidates to
complete their degree requirements by taking no more than two term courses at
another approved institution and by counting those grades in their cumulative
average at Washington and Lee. Courses taken under such an exception during
a summer session are still subject to the restrictions listed below under
Summer Session Credit. Except under the most unusual circumstances, June
graduates must be enrolled during the spring term of their senior year.
4. Postponement or Withholding of Degree: In the case of any
student against whom the state has preferred criminal charges, and for whom
the University has not been able to complete disciplinary procedures, the
faculty may postpone a decision as to whether a degree should be awarded. The
Board of Trustees may also postpone or withhold approval of a degree for any
student charged with or convicted of a drug-related felony.
5. Credits: The work of each course of study has an assigned
numerical credit value. The value of one credit is equivalent in total time
and effort to the semester hour.
6. Courses: A course is the minimum amount of work in a given
subject for which credit is granted. Each course is indivisible and has a
separate number and separate grade for each term. A course extends through a
single term, but successive term courses may be so connected that no credit
for one of them is given until all are completed. Such linked courses are
indicated by the use of a connecting hyphen (e.g., 101-102). A student may
not, without permission of the department head, take any course which is a
specific prerequisite for a course which has already been passed. Faculty
members may require a previously registered student to drop a class if the
student misses the first class meeting of the term without the prior approval
of the instructor.
7. Grade-Point Average: A student s average grade is expressed
in terms of a grade-point average. For this computation, there are assigned,
respectively, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0 grade points for each credit of work on which
the grades A, B, C, D, E, and F are recorded. For every unit of plus, .33 is
added; for every unit of minus, .33 is subtracted from the grade points. F+,
I, and WIP are not used in the grade-point average computation, since they
are only provisional grades. (The grade of F+ is used to record a provisional
failure on freshman mid-term reports.) The grade-point average is the
quotient obtained by dividing the sum of the grade points by the total number
of credits on work attempted. Work attempted includes all courses for which
the student was registered, except for those from which the student was
permitted either to withdraw with no grade or for which he or she received
the grade P.
8. Pass/Fail Grade: After attaining sophomore standing a
student is permitted to take each term one elective course (not a course used
for the student s major or a course used to fulfill a general education
requirement) in which the grade of Pass or Fail is given, to which no grade
points are assigned. However, only 18 credits of such work may be offered
toward satisfying graduation requirements. A student receiving an F will
receive no credit toward the degree, but the F will be used in computing the
term and cumulative grade-point average. The student must complete a
Pass/Fail form and must obtain permission of the instructor in order to take
a course on a Pass/Fail basis. Changes to or from this category are limited
to the first week of a term during which the class is scheduled to meet. No
course may be repeated on a Pass/Fail basis. A course for which the grade of
P has been received may not be repeated.
During the fall term (no later than midterm), freshmen will be
given the opportunity to elect that the composite grade for 1 credit which
they will receive in physical education will be recorded as a letter grade or
as Pass/Fail. If Pass/Fail is elected, it will in no way be regarded as a
normal Pass/Fail grade nor be subject to Pass/Fail rules except that the
decision in this regard is binding and no subsequent change is permitted.
9. Transfer of Credits: Credits for courses completed at
another institution with a grade of C (2.0) or higher may be transferred to
Washington and Lee and used as degree credit. Grades for these courses,
however, may not be transferred, and a student s cumulative grade-point
average will include only work attempted at Washington and Lee. A student
admitted as a transfer may receive no more than 87 credits for work
transferred. Such credits are assigned at the discretion of the appropriate
dean after consulting with the appropriate department head. Only work
comparable to that at Washington and Lee in level, nature, and field may be
accepted for degree credit.
10. Summer Session Credit: Students who have taken academic work at
Washington and Lee and who wish to offer toward a degree summer session work
taken subsequently at another institution must meet certain conditions:
A. Verification that the college or university is a
four-year institution accredited by one of the six Regional Accrediting
Agencies of the United States, is secured from the appropriate dean. Approval
of courses in accounting, economics, management, and politics is secured from
the Dean of the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Approval of
other courses is secured from heads of departments offering the corresponding
work at Washington and Lee University. Approval for courses taken for credit
at scientific research laboratories and field stations may be granted at the
discretion of the department concerned.
In order to assure that students receive credit for summer school
courses, it is recommended that they seek the advice and approval of the
appropriate department head and dean before enrolling for the courses.
However, if students apply for credit during the course or after it has been
completed, they will be given or denied credit on the basis of the criteria
which would have been applied to their request prior to taking the course. No
matter when approval is requested, students must submit applications for
approval on the proper form (obtainable from the Office of the University
Registrar).
B. No more than 12 credits of summer school work may be
offered. This total of 12 may be comprised of any combination of the
following:
(1) Free electives, up to 12 credits.
(2) Two courses to satisfy general education
requirements or to be used as cognates may be taken for the first time. No
course may be taken for the first time in the major subject or, in the School
of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, the major group.
(3) No more than two courses may be repeated.
C. If a course is repeated in summer school, the previous
grade will remain in the student s cumulative grade-point average.
D. If the course taken at summer school is a substitute
for one term of a linked course here, and if the course is offered in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of general education, no degree credit will
be granted here until the student has completed the remaining term of such
course.
E. The credits earned during any summer session may not
exceed the number of weeks of the summer session plus one.
F. Permission will not be granted to take any course which
is a specific prerequisite for a course which has already been passed.
G. It is the responsibility of the student to see that the
transcript is sent to the University Registrar, Washington and Lee
University. Credit for summer school courses will not be transferred unless
the transcript is received by December 1 of the year in which the courses are
taken.
H. If a student wishes to receive credit for courses taken
in a summer program abroad, the institution and the program must be approved
by the Foreign Study Committee and the applicant by the appropriate dean.
Except in unusual circumstances, approval by the Foreign Study Committee must
be given before the student undertakes summer study abroad if he or she is to
receive credit.
11. Graduation with Distinction: The candidate for a degree with
distinction must satisfy the following grade-point average requirements on
all work attempted at Washington and Lee:
Grade-Point Averages
Cum laude 3.25
Magna cum laude 3.50
Summa cum laude 3.80



ACADEMIC REGULATIONS

The regulations set forth in the catalogue form the basis for all
academic performance; however, the regulations are subject to change at the
discretion of the faculty. Faculty members are available for conference and
advice, but the individual student assumes full responsibility for compliance
with all academic requirements. (Please see Changes in Catalogue
Information, p. 49.)

ACADEMIC YEAR

The 1994-95 academic year is divided into two 12-week terms (fall
and winter) and one 6-week term (spring). (See Calendar.)

LIMITS OF WORK

1. Fall and Winter Terms
A. The minimum academic load for each student is 12
credits. Under exceptional circumstances, this requirement may be modified by
the appropriate dean to a minimum of 11 credits for full-time status.
B. Permission to carry more than 14 credits of academic
work must be secured in advance from the appropriate dean. This permission is
not ordinarily granted unless during the last 12-week term of record, the
student has passed all courses attempted with a grade-point average of 2.0 or
better.
2. Spring Term
A. The minimum academic load for each student is 3
credits, and the maximum academic load for each student, exclusive of
physical education under the 300 level, is 8 credits.
B. Under exceptional circumstances, either of these
restrictions may be modified by the appropriate dean.
3. General
A. Each student who has not completed graduation
requirements must register as a full-time student for each term enrolled,
including the three terms preceding his or her graduation. A student taking
an unauthorized underload may be required to withdraw from the University for
the term in which the underload is being taken, forfeiting all academic
credit, tuition and fees for that term. The student may apply for readmission
for the next term. Except under the most unusual circumstances, June
graduates must be enrolled during the spring term of their senior year.
B. Note: In order to accumulate the total academic credits
required for graduation within four years, the student must register for more
than the minimum academic load in several terms. Most students choose more
than the minimum load during the spring term.

CHANGE OF STUDY

1. Changes of classes and schedules are limited to the first
calendar week of the fall and winter terms and the first four days of the
spring term. No change in course of study is official until the proper form,
bearing the signatures of the instructor or department head concerned and of
the faculty adviser, has been received and recorded by the University
Registrar s office. Changes involving only a switching of class sections must
have departmental approval but need not have the academic adviser s
signature.
Faculty members may require a previously registered student to
drop a class if the student misses the first class meeting of the term
without the prior approval of the instructor. In such cases the student is
responsible for the appropriate forms and fees. Students may add an extra
course during the first three weeks of the fall and winter terms if unusual
circumstances exist, but instructors may deny admission if late entrance will
endanger successful work in the course. Upon recommendation of a student s
academic adviser, discretionary adjustments for a freshman may be permitted
by the Dean of the College. Students who wish to make any change after the
time designated for making changes must petition the Faculty Executive
Committee.
2. After the period for changes outlined above, a grade of F
in the course will be entered on the students records if the work load is
reduced for reasons other than those listed below:
A. If students drop a course, one which is not a repeat,
on the recommendation of a University physician or a member of the
University s counseling staff and with the approval of the appropriate dean,
they will receive no grade for that course. Students dropping a repeated
course under these circumstances will have the original grade and credit, if
any, reinstated.
B. If students are enrolled in courses totaling 15 or more
credits and if their success is endangered by the extra work, the overload
may be reduced or eliminated upon recommendation of their adviser and
approval of the appropriate dean without a recorded grade, provided the
reduction is made on or before the mid-point of the term. If a reduction is
made subsequently, a grade of F will be entered for the courses dropped.
During the spring term students carrying 9 or more credits may drop the extra
work prior to the mid-point of the term without penalty as outlined above so
long as the work load does not fall below 6 credits. Students dropping a
course which is being repeated will receive an F. (See Repetition of
Courses. )
3. Exceptions to these policies may only be granted by the
Faculty Executive Committee upon student petition and payment of appropriate
fees.

EXAMINATIONS

Final Examinations
1. Final examinations are given at the end of each term in a
period approved in advance by the faculty. Examinations are given on each
scheduled week day and the Saturday of the spring term from 9:00 a.m. to noon
and from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. All fall and winter term Saturday
examinations are given from 2:00 p.m. to 5 p.m. (See the calendar for the
days scheduled for examinations.)
2. Distribution of the examinations will be the responsibility
of, and under the control of, each department. Examinations will be placed in
envelopes labeled with the names of the students in the course and put in an
appropriate departmental depository. At each examination offering, the
individual administering the examinations of a department will distribute and
collect the examinations at some previously specified point.
3. Students will schedule their examinations by the following
procedure:
A. They will obtain from the University Registrar s office
a special examination envelope for each of their classes and a schedule form.
B. They will prepare a schedule of their examinations (on
the form provided), supply the information requested at the top of each
envelope, and turn the examination envelope in to the appropriate instructor
at the first class meeting of the last week of scheduled classes.
4. Failure to register prior to the first day of the
examination period may prevent a student from taking an examination.
5. Any student may change the time scheduled for a final
examination with the advance approval of the professor concerned.
6. Each examination will be taken in a room or rooms designated
by the department concerned. (Assignment of rooms will be cleared in advance
with the University Registrar.) At the end of the period the student will
return both the examination and answers to the departmental representative.
7. Any student late for an examination may not expect time
beyond the announced termination of the scheduled period.
8. No student should expect to have an examination graded if
it is turned in late, if it is turned in without the examination questions,
or if it is taken in other than the assigned room.
9. If special physical arrangements require the entire class
to be present at the same time, an instructor may request the Executive
Committee of the faculty at least a month in advance of the beginning of the
examination period to schedule an examination for a specific period.
10. Students who fail to take any final examination shall receive a
grade of F in the course unless they are excused for reasons deemed
sufficient by the appropriate dean and the instructor concerned. If they are
excused they shall receive grade I.
11. No instructor is at liberty to announce the result of any final
examination until the end of the examination period except in the case of
seniors in their final term; they may be given their grades when they have
completed their last examination.

Special Examinations

1. Special examinations are: (1) those given for seniors (see
Deficiencies in the Senior Year ); (2) September examinations; (3) any
examinations to remove conditional failures, whether taken in September, May,
or with the next class; and (4) any other examinations allowed by special
action of the faculty.
2. September examinations are given at a specified time during
the opening week in September. These September examinations are for removal
of deficiencies by students with a grade of E. A student wishing to take a
September examination is required to notify the University Registrar in
writing prior to September 1.
3. May examinations are given at a specified time during the
second week of May for the removal of a grade of E incurred in the fall or
winter term of that year. This examination will not be given if the course is
being taught in the spring term. A student wishing to take a May examination
is required to notify the University Registrar in writing prior to May 1.
4. For a special examination a fee of $25 is charged. If the
exam is necessitated by reasons beyond the control of the student, the
appropriate dean may waive this fee. The fee is payable at the time the
University Registrar receives notification of the student s intention to take
the examination. In the event the student does not report for the examination
or does not take the examination after reporting for it, the fee is not
refundable.
5. Students who have signified their intention to the
University Registrar to take a makeup examination in September or in May to
remove an E, and have paid the $25 fee, will receive an F for the course if
they fail to take the examination when scheduled, unless they have a medical
excuse from a University physician or have notified the University Registrar
at least one week in advance that they will not take the examination.
6. Instructors are not free to give a special examination until
they receive authorization from the appropriate dean and the University
Registrar s receipt for the fee charged.

GRADES

1. A+, A, A- Superior
B+, B, B- Good
C +, C, C- Fair
D +, D, D- (Marginal) in a course indicates that the
recipient would be seriously handicapped in further study requiring a
knowledge of the material covered in this course.
E (Conditional Failure) represents a failure that may be
made up in accordance with regulations stated in the catalogue. This grade
may be assigned only when the student s class average during the term is
passing, but the grade on the student s final examination is below passing.
The E grade is not applicable to courses taken on the Pass/Fail basis. (See
5 below for the rule about removing the E grade.)
F (Failure) on a term report indicates unconditional failure
necessitating a repetition of the course in order to secure credit. No course
may be repeated on a Pass/Fail basis.
F + on a freshman mid-term report indicates that while the
average is below passing, there is a reasonable chance that it may be raised
to passing by the end of the term.
I (Incomplete) signifies that the work of the course has
not been completed or the examination has been deferred on account of illness
or some other cause beyond the reasonable control of the student. When the
deficiency is subsequently removed, the grade then attained is substituted
for I in the permanent record. (See also paragraph 6 in this section.)
WIP (Work-in-progress) indicates that the work of this
course is on-going as part of a senior thesis or honors thesis only. When the
work of the thesis is completed, the grade then attained is substituted for
all related WIPs in the permanent record.
P (Passed) is assigned in courses which are taken on a
Pass/Fail basis. It indicates satisfactory completion of the course (grade of
D- or better) but is not used in computing grade-point averages.
2. On work taken at Washington and Lee, no grade below D- (the
lowest passing grade) will fulfill any academic requirement. And, unless a
non-passing grade is removed according to the procedure and within the limits
specifically provided, the course credits represented by a non-passing grade
will be counted as work attempted in calculating the cumulative grade-point
average.
3. During any term, students may withdraw voluntarily from the
University only after receiving the approval of the appropriate dean. Grades
for these students will be assigned according to the following guidelines:
A. No record of the grades shall be made if a student
withdraws from the University within three weeks after classes begin in the
fall and winter terms or within one week in the spring term.
B. Medical withdrawal before the last two weeks of class
for any term will entitle students to receive grades of WP or WF (Withdrew
Passing or Withdrew Failing) as assigned by the instructors concerned.
Medical withdrawals must be attested to by a physician and have the approval
of the appropriate dean and either the University physician or a member of
the University s counseling staff.
C. Medical withdrawal during the last two weeks of class
for any term will entitle students, upon obtaining the appropriate approvals,
to choose to receive an I grade in one or more classes, and WP or WF in the
remaining classes as assigned by the instructors concerned.
D. Withdrawal for reasons other than medical will result
in students receiving either WP or WF grades as assigned by the instructors
concerned. Students withdrawing with a cumulative grade-point average of 1.9
or lower shall fall under the Automatic Rule and sever their connection with
the University. (See Automatic Rule, page 58.)
E. The following notation will appear on all transcripts:
WP (Withdrew Passing) and WF (Withdrew Failing) indicate the student s work
up to the time of withdrawal and are not term grades.
4. Repetition of courses taken at Washington and Lee in order
to change the grade received is governed by the following rules:
A. No course may be repeated Pass/Fail and no passing
grade or grade of F may be raised by re-examination, except as provided for
under Deficiencies in the Senior Year.
B. After receiving a grade in the original course, a
student may not repeat that course after having passed another course for
which the original course is a specific prerequisite. The first term of any
linked course is regarded as a specific prerequisite for the subsequent term.
C. Re-enrollment in a course at Washington and Lee for
which a grade has already been received immediately forfeits the former grade
and degree credit (if any) received and removes the former credit from the
category of work attempted. The grade received on repetition becomes the
grade of record (i.e. used in the calculation of all grade-point averages)
although the original grade remains on the student s transcript prefixed by
R (e.g. RD- ). If the student drops the course before its completion, the
grade of record will be F and will be treated as any other grade received in
that term. Degree credit is awarded only once for any course.
D. Only the first 12 credits of courses repeated will
result in a new grade replacing the original grade as grade of record. If the
student attempts the repetition of more than 12 credits, all grades beyond 12
credits will be grades of record and computed in the grade-point average.
E. If a student repeats a course in summer school, the
previous grade will remain in the student s grade-point average.
5. Grade E means a conditional failure. If an E is received for
one term of a linked course, the next term s work in this course may be
regarded, at the discretion of the instructor, as an examination to remove
the deficiency. Conditional failure indicated by grade E may be made up by
repetition of the course or by passing a May or September examination the
following session or by passing the next regular examination with the class.
If then successful, the student is allowed credit for the work of the term.
If the student fails or is absent from the examination without sufficient
excuse (see Special Examinations ), the grade becomes F. No student who has
received on a course the grade E shall by subsequent examination receive a
grade higher than D (1.0), except after repetition of the course. Such grades
will appear on the transcript prefixed by E (e.g. ED- ).
6. To receive credit for a course in which an I grade has been
received, a student must remove the deficiency within the first six weeks of
the next term. Additional time may be granted by the instructor on written
request of the student. If an I grade is not so removed, the grade
automatically becomes an F. Students may not graduate with an I grade
remaining on their record unless there are extraordinary circumstances
satisfactory to the Committee on Courses and Degrees.
7. To receive credit for a course in which a WIP has been
received, a student must complete the work of the thesis during the next two
terms. Additional time may be granted by the instructor on written request of
the student. If a WIP grade is not so removed, the grade automatically
becomes an F. Students may not graduate with a WIP grade remaining on their
record unless there are extraordinary circumstances satisfactory to the
Committee on Courses and Degrees.

ADVANCED STANDING

Freshmen, at the discretion of the Dean of the College, may be
allowed to take University-administered examinations for college credit on
work done in approved secondary schools in mathematics or foreign language.
The conditions are as follows:
A. The work on which credit is desired must have been over and
above that represented by 16 full units in regular college preparatory
subjects, namely, English, history, a foreign language, mathematics, natural
and social sciences.
B. Students must have made superior grades in secondary school,
including in the course on which the examination is to be taken.
C. Students must be pursuing and must pass, with a C (2.0)
grade or better, a course in the subject on which they seek an examination.
D. The examination must be taken not later than four weeks
after the opening of the term during which they begin the advanced college
course referred to in C. above.
E. Students must pay a fee of $25 for each such examination
taken.

CREDIT FOR SERVICE
IN THE ARMED FORCES

Students who have had two years of active service in the armed
forces are, upon completion of all other credits required for a degree, given
credit for the physical education requirement for a degree; students who have
had six months of active service are given credit for one term toward the
physical education requirement for a degree.
Under the Reserve Officers Candidate program of the Navy a
student who completes the ROC-TWO summer course with grade C (2.0) or better
may be granted two elective credits. A student who completes the summer
programs for Platoon Leaders of the United States Marine Corps may be granted
four elective credits.

DEFICIENCIES IN THE SENIOR YEAR

1. At the discretion of the professor concerned, students who
received one and only one failing grade during the fall and winter terms of
their senior year and who, as a result of that failure, are unable to
graduate, may take a re-examination in that course prior to May 15. The
resultant course grade may be no higher than D (1.0). Students who originally
took the course in question on a pass/fail basis will be given a letter grade
no higher than D (1.0) upon re-examination.
2. Students who fail a course in the spring term of their
graduating year are not permitted a re-examination during that term. Such a
student is entitled to a special examination during the subsequent session on
not more than two courses. Unless enrolled as a student during the subsequent
session, the student taking such a re-examination is required to pay a
special fee of $25. The course grade upon re-examination cannot exceed D
(1.0). Students who originally took the course in question on a pass/fail
basis will be given a letter grade no higher than D (1.0) upon
re-examination.

CLASS STANDING

For purposes of registration, selection of courses, the automatic
rule, and listing in the catalogue, the following definitions are given of
class standing. The definitions apply for the purposes specified only, and do
not signify full standing or the completion of University requirements.
1. A student obtains sophomore standing upon completion of a
full year of college residence.
2. A student obtains junior standing upon completion of two
full years of college residence.
3. A student obtains senior standing upon completion of three
full years of college residence.

REPORTS

Term reports, indicating grades in letters, are recorded on the
permanent record card, and a grade report for each student is sent to that
student s parent or guardian. During the fall and winter terms mid-term
reports are sent to parents or guardians of freshmen but are not recorded.

TRANSCRIPTS

Official copies of Washington and Lee University transcripts,
bearing the University seal and the University Registrar s signature, are
sent by first-class mail directly to schools or organizations upon the
written request of the student or alumnus/a. Upon written request,
individuals may also receive official copies of the transcript which are
stamped Official Transcript Issued to Student.
Unofficial copies, without seal or signature, are for the
personal or on-campus use of currently enrolled students only. They may also
be placed in the University placement file if so desired.
Transcripts and first-class postage are provided free of charge
as a service to students and alumni. Other methods of delivery (e.g.,
overnight, etc.) are available on request and for an additional charge.
Facsimile ( fax ) transcripts will not be provided due to security, data
transmission, and privacy considerations.
Grades are recorded on undergraduate transcripts three times each
academic year December, April, and June and on law transcripts twice each
year January and June. Normally transcripts are mailed as soon as possible
(usually within two business days) though current students may request that
transcripts be held until present grades are recorded. No transcript will be
provided for students with overdue accounts or other financial holds at the
University.

HONOR ROLL

The Honor Roll consists of those students who, on the last
preceding fall or winter term report, have completed 12 or more credits
including work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point average is 3.5 or
above. The Honor Roll is published at the end of the fall and winter terms.

DEAN S LIST

The Dean s List consists of those students who, on the last
preceding fall or winter term report, have completed 12 or more credits
including work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point average is 3.0 or
above, with no grade lower than C (2.0) and whose cumulative grade-point
average is 2.0 or better.

CLASS ATTENDANCE

Participation in the work of a course is clearly a precondition
for a student s receiving credit in that course. Because of the wide variety
of courses and teaching methods at Washington and Lee, the University
recognizes that the nature of a student s participation in the work of a
course cannot be prescribed on a University-wide basis. For this reason
classroom attendance is not a matter subject to regulation by the University.
Attendance in class and laboratory is rather a matter between the student and
the professor in that class or laboratory. Faculty members may require a
previously registered student to drop a class if the student misses the first
meeting of the term without the prior approval of the instructor.

AUTOMATIC RULE AND ACADEMIC PROBATION

All students at Washington and Lee are expected to make progress
toward attaining their degrees. Their progress is judged by the quality of
their work as measured by their cumulative grade-point averages. Failure to
make the minimum progress as defined below will result in probation or in
review and action by the Committee on the Automatic Rule and Readmissions.

Automatic Rule

At the end of an academic year, students are suspended for
academic reasons under the Automatic Rule and thus sever their connection
with the University if the cumulative grade-point average of all work
attempted at Washington and Lee falls below the following standards:
1. at the end of the freshman year - 1.5
2. at the end of the sophomore year - 1.6
3. at the end of the junior year - 1.8
4. at the end of the senior or any subsequent year - 1.9
Students withdrawing from the University during any term for
reasons other than medical and having a cumulative grade-point average below
1.9 also fall under the Automatic Rule.
Application for immediate reinstatement for students falling
under the Automatic Rule may be made in writing to the Committee on the
Automatic Rule and Readmissions prior to its annual meetings in December and
June. Academic probation is required for any student reinstated under the
Automatic Rule. Immediate reinstatement is the exception rather than the
rule.
A student who has been suspended from the University under the
Automatic Rule and not immediately reinstated may apply for readmission after
a minimum absence of one year (see Readmission ).

Academic Probation

At the end of any term which is not the completion of the
student s academic year, the student is placed on academic probation for the
following term if his or her cumulative grade-point average of all work
attempted at Washington and Lee falls below that required for the class (see
Automatic Rule ).
Students placed on academic probation are warned of their
precarious position and, as a result, are ineligible for participation in
more than one student extracurricular activity during the period of their
probation. Activities included are all intercollegiate athletics for athletes
and managers alike, individual musical and theatrical organizations,
editorial and business staffs of publications, all elective and appointive
student positions, and intercollegiate debating. Probation continues until
the student attains, at any point during the academic year, the required
cumulative grade-point average for the class.

LEAVE OF ABSENCE

Students not on academic probation may request a leave of absence
from the University for a specific reason and for a specified period of time
by petition to the Committee on the Automatic Rule and Readmissions. The
petition, presented on an application form available from the Office of the
Dean of the College, must be received no later than three weeks prior to the
beginning of the term for which leave is requested. Students taking courses
elsewhere while on leave of absence should request advance departmental
approval for any course to be used for major or general education
requirements.

WITHDRAWAL

Students who voluntarily withdraw sever their connection with the
University. Withdrawal during a term must be accomplished through an
appropriate dean and will have an effect on academic grades and credits (see
Grades ), on refund of appropriate fees (see Refunds Due to Withdrawal ),
and on access to University housing or other facilities. Students not
returning for a subsequent term will be considered to have voluntarily
withdrawn.
A student taking an unauthorized underload may be required to
withdraw from the University for the term in which the underload is being
taken, forfeiting all academic credit, tuition and fees for that term. The
student may apply for readmission for the next term.

SUSPENSION

Students may be required to sever their connection with the
University for a specified period of time for non-academic reasons by
disciplinary action as outlined in the Student Handbook. In extreme cases
when a student represents a severe and immediate threat to the well-being of
the University community, the President may suspend the student. Students may
apply for readmission after the period of suspension has lapsed.

READMISSION

Students who withdraw voluntarily from or who are suspended by
the University may apply for readmission. Applications for readmission are
available from the Office of the Associate Dean of the College. They must be
returned along with all required materials no later than six weeks prior to
the first day of classes in the term for which readmission is requested.
Readmission depends upon the review and action of the Committee on the
Automatic Rule and Readmissions. Students will not be readmitted for a spring
term unless that student has attended at least one of the two preceding
12-week terms in the same academic year.

DISMISSAL

Students may be required to sever permanently their connection
with the University by disciplinary action as outlined in the Student
Handbook. In extreme cases when a student represents a severe and immediate
threat to the well-being of the University community, the President may
dismiss the student. Students who are dismissed are precluded from returning
to Washington and Lee.

UNIVERSITY ASSEMBLY

1. From time to time, when appointed by the President, a
general meeting of the University body, including officers as well as
students, is held on the campus. The President, or someone invited by him,
delivers an address relating to a topic of general interest.
2. Because such an assembly is a regular University function,
each student, whether an undergraduate or a student in the Law School, is
expected to attend.

STUDENT ASSEMBLY

From time to time the President may call a Student Assembly for
the consideration of matters relating purely to student affairs. A Student
Assembly may be attended by both students and faculty. Attendance is
voluntary.

COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES

Attendance is required of all seniors at the official exercises
of Commencement Day. Students who, without excuse, willfully absent
themselves from the Commencement exercises will not be awarded their diploma
until the next date upon which degrees are awarded. Under extraordinary
circumstances the Executive Committee of the Faculty is empowered to give
approval to written requests, presented in advance, for exemption from these
regulations.

STUDENTS RIGHTS OF ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL RECORDS

Under the provisions of The Family Educational Rights and Privacy
Act of 1974, as amended (often referred to as the Buckley Amendment ),
students attending a post-secondary educational institution may examine their
permanent record maintained by the institution to assure the accuracy of its
contents.
A more thorough explanation of a student s rights and privileges
under this law is contained in The Student Handbook, a copy of which is made
available to each student upon matriculation. Further information may be
obtained from the Office of the Dean of Students or from the University
Registrar.
It should be noted that the University does NOT retain
confidential letters of recommendation from secondary school teachers,
guidance counselors, alumni and others after a decision has been made on a
given application for admission, i. e., such information does not become a
part of the student s permanent file and hence is not available to the
student under the Act.

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

The participation of students in certain extracurricular
activities is subject to a number of rules and regulations dealing with
eligibility.
1. Students may engage in intercollegiate athletic contests
only with the approval of the University physician.
2. No student shall represent this University in any branch
of intercollegiate athletics who is not regularly matriculated, taking in
the College or School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics a minimum of 10
credits of class work during the fall and winter terms or 3 credits during
the spring term, or taking a minimum of 12 hours of class work in the
School of Law. In addition to these term requirements, students must
attempt at least 24 credits during the academic year to be eligible for
participation in intercollegiate athletics.
3. Students placed on academic probation are ineligible for
participation in more than one student extracurricular activity during the
period of their probation. Activities included are all intercollegiate
athletics for athletes and managers alike, individual musical and theatrical
organizations, editorial and business staffs of publications, all elective
and appointive student positions, and intercollegiate debating.
4. No athletic contests shall be scheduled for two days prior
to the beginning of or during examinations, and no contests shall be
scheduled away from Lexington during the five days prior to the beginning of
examinations.
5. No student shall be a member of more than one
intercollegiate athletic organization at the same time.
6. No exception shall be made to Rules 4 or 5 except by
previously obtained consent of the Faculty Executive Committee.

AUTOMOBILE REGULATIONS

All Washington and Lee students, subject to certain restrictions,
are permitted to own and operate motor vehicles at the University during the
academic session.
Students wishing to operate a motor vehicle within Lexington and
Rockbridge County are required to have a valid driver s license from their
home state and are responsible for familiarizing themselves with all
regulations pertaining to the operation, registration, and parking of motor
vehicles at Washington and Lee. These regulations may be obtained from the
Office of the Dean of Students and from the Office of University Security.
Although freshmen may have motor vehicles at Washington and Lee,
they will be required to park their vehicles in storage parking areas which
are located approximately one mile from the main part of the campus. All
students must register their motor vehicles with the Director of University
Security and display the required University stickers. A parking fee is
required upon registration for all freshmen and upperclass students who wish
to make use of University student parking areas.

POLICY STATEMENT ON CAMPUS LIFE
(Adopted by the Board of Trustees, May 1985)

The Board of Trustees believes that one of its primary
responsibilities is to encourage the development and maintenance of an
environment within the University community which best promotes the
realization of our institutional goals. Those goals, according to the
University s Statement of Institutional Philosophy, include the pursuit of
our educational purpose in a climate of learning that stresses the importance
of the individual, the personal honor and integrity of all students, and
their harmonious relationships with other members of the greater community.
In this context, the institutionalized extracurricular and social life of
students should contribute to these goals.
It is our desire that student self-government should be
encouraged and that a proper balance between student privilege and
responsibility should be sought and achieved. We recognize that all members
of the student body will spend a portion of their lives apart from the
institution and outside its governance. Students must nonetheless remain
aware that they are members of a University community whose traditions, image
and reputation can be harmed by negative actions and behavior as well as
being helped by positive contributions. This awareness is especially
important since the University, lodged as it is within a larger community,
must encourage respect for local ordinances and law enforcement and honor the
claims of non-University persons for quiet and safety.
In all of its expression, the spirit of this Campus Life
statement places emphasis on concepts of honor, integrity, standards of
value, leadership, good character, respect for traditions and personal
responsibility. We do expect that individual and group actions and behavior
will be measured against these concepts. It is our intention to hold
accountable for the successful implementation of this policy the
administration, the faculty, the students, and, indeed, this Board of
Trustees.


POLICY STATEMENT ON FRATERNITIES

Social fraternities at Washington and Lee are a valuable and
integral part of both the University and Lexington communities; as such,
fraternity chapters have important privileges, as well as responsibilities to
those communities.
University interest in, and support of, fraternity chapters has
been continuous and strong, as evidenced, for example, by its renovation of
most chapter houses. As a particularly visible part of the Washington and Lee
community, fraternities through the actions and conduct of their
members reflect directly upon the University and affect its efforts to
attract new students and to maintain active alumni support. Also, because
chapters are located in the residential areas of Lexington, such actions and
conduct affect the city and its residents.
Chapters therefore are required to maintain adequately the
physical appearance of fraternity property and to assure the structural
integrity of chapter houses. Chapter members are expected to conform to
standards of honorable conduct and to exhibit a concern for the rights and
sensibilities of others. Enforcement of applicable University standards is
the responsibility of the Interfraternity Council and the Student Affairs
Committee.
It is expected that fraternities will comply in a responsible
manner with city codes and University guidelines concerning student conduct
and property maintenance and appearance. To maintain these standards and to
provide continuity in fraternity relations, each chapter is to work in close
cooperation with an adviser approved by the University and with the chapter
alumni corporation which holds lease to the fraternity house and property.

FRATERNITY REGULATIONS

All social fraternities at Washington and Lee must comply with
the Standards for Fraternities, adopted by the University in October 1987.
Copies of these standards are available in the Office of the Dean of
Students.
Each fraternity president and certain other officers are required
to live in the fraternity house.
To be initiated into a fraternity at Washington and Lee, a
student is required to be in residence for at least one full 12-week term,
with a minimum cumulative grade-point average of 1.9.
The University Registrar maintains a record of the cumulative and
term grade-point averages of each fraternity. This record is revised and
published at the end of each term and is included in the Interfraternity
Council Rush Book.
No additional fraternities or sororities shall be organized or
established without the approval of the Student Affairs Committee.

STATEMENT ON PERSONAL CONDUCT
(Adopted by the Faculty May 1992)

Admission to the Washington and Lee community carries with it
certain obligations concerning personal conduct. Some of these obligations
are specifically covered by the Honor System. Other less specific obligations
concern the way we treat each other. Lee described the expectation at
Washington College as gentlemanly behavior. Today, we interpret this to
mean civil, decent behavior designed to encourage mutual respect for our
individual differences, desires, and ways of thinking.
At Washington and Lee, we expect an atmosphere of civility and
mutual respect to prevail. Instances of uncivil behavior involving students
are most effectively dealt with in personal and informal ways, not by formal
and judicial procedures. Therefore, members of the Washington and Lee
community who believe themselves to have been objects of such behavior should
seek reconciliation by personal consultation with friends, faculty, or others
who may intervene in the dispute. Instances of uncivil behavior involving
students may be reported to the Dean of Students who will take appropriate
action by resolving the matter, referring the matter to the Mediator or, in
appropriate cases, to the Student Conduct Committee.


FACULTY POLICIES CONCERNING STUDENT DISCIPLINE
Statement of Goals for the Disciplinary System:

Washington and Lee is, above all else, an educational
institution. The purpose of all our institutional activities, including our
disciplinary proceedings, is to protect and promote our educational
objectives.
As an educational institution we aspire to create a special
community in which actual respect for the rights and autonomy of the
individual balances our concern for the welfare of the community as a whole
and the welfare of other individuals, at least in the negative sense that we
do not consciously become the agent of harm to someone else. These
aspirations inform and guide our honor system, as well as our other
disciplinary systems.
1. As provided in the University by-laws, the faculty has
authority over student disciplinary matters. To achieve a greater resonance
between faculty views on various issues and the views of those immediately
engaged in imposing disciplinary penalties, the Dean of Students shall report
on each offense to the faculty meeting following the completion of all
disciplinary action on that offense; such a report is for the information of
the faculty and not for formal action. Faculty members may request more
information on such cases, and may, collectively or individually, express
their approval or disapproval of the handling of such cases either to the
Dean of Students or to the individual members of the disciplinary bodies.
2. The disciplinary power of the University is independent of
prosecutorial or judicial action; its exercise is neither demanded by
pendency of state action nor prevented by the absence or failure of state
action.
3. At the Baccalaureate day faculty meeting, there shall be
only two conditions required for faculty recommendation for a degree: (1)
that the candidate has met the academic requirements for a degree, to which
the University Registrar shall attest; and (2) that there are no Washington
and Lee disciplinary proceedings pending against a candidate, to which the
Dean of Students shall attest.
4. To implement the provisions of the University Policy
Statement on Drugs, the Dean of Students shall promulgate dormitory
regulations prohibiting (a) the possession and/or use of marijuana, illegal
forms of an opiate, amphetamine, hallucinogen, cocaine, and/or other illegal
controlled substances; and (b) the possession and/or use of alcohol by those
not legally permitted to purchase the beverage in question. The Dean of
Students (or designee), assisted by residence hall staff, will enforce these
regulations. The Dean of Students (or designee) will respond to violations of
the regulations in the manner specified in the residence hall regulations or
as described just below.
In addition to addressing the problem of drugs and alcohol in the
residence halls, the faculty hereby adopts a drug and alcohol response policy
for all students in the University. This policy shall be administered by the
Dean of Students (or designee) with respect to undergraduate students, and by
the Dean of the School of Law (or designee) with respect to law students, and
shall provide for a graduated system of counseling and referral in any
instance where there is evidence of illegal possession of a controlled
substance, illegal possession of alcohol, or abuse of alcohol. This policy
shall consist of four levels of response.
A. If the appropriate Dean (or designee) [hereafter
Dean ] receives a report that a University student (1) has been arrested for
the possession of a controlled substance, the illegal possession of alcohol,
or the abuse of alcohol; or (2) has been observed to possess a controlled
substance illegally, to possess alcohol illegally or to abuse alcohol, then
the Dean shall meet with the student to discuss the incident.
B. If the student has previously met with the Dean with
respect to a prior drug or alcohol incident, or if the Dean believes for any
reason that an initial drug or alcohol incident warrants further action, then
the student shall be referred to the University counseling staff for
consultation and evaluation.
C. The University counseling staff, after meeting and
consulting with the student, may refer a student, at the student s expense,
to an outside professional for further evaluation.
D. Based on that professional evaluation, the Dean may
require the student, as a condition for continuation as a student at the
University, to participate, at the student s expense, in either an outpatient
treatment program, or in extreme situations, in a residential treatment
program.
The Dean may suspend or dismiss a student who fails to comply
with any step in the above procedure.
The policies set forth in number 4 above are not intended to be
punitive and shall be in addition to University policy on misconduct offenses
involving drugs or alcohol. However, repeated incidents may be referred to
the Student Conduct Committee at the discretion of the Dean.
5. The Student Conduct Committee, a wholly student group, shall
have primary, first-instance responsibility for deciding misconduct cases and
imposing penalties, with the exception of violations of the Honor System or
cases which fall under the jurisdiction of the Student-Faculty Hearing Board.
A student may appeal a conviction and the penalty imposed by the Student
Conduct Committee to the Board of Appeals. To provide guidance to the
disciplinary bodies, and specifically to the Student Conduct Committee, the
faculty has promulgated certain policies and the procedures to be followed in
the handling of disciplinary offenses. These policies and procedures are
specified in the Statement on the Purpose and Procedures of the Student
Conduct Committee in the Student Handbook.
6. Policy and Procedures on Sexual Misconduct: Washington and
Lee is committed to providing for its members an environment that is free
from sexual misconduct. It is the policy of the University that no member of
the University community may sexually exploit another individual. Because of
the serious nature of acts of sexual misconduct, procedures have been
developed to insure that such cases are pursued with sensitivity and
fairness. As a matter of policy, the institution also encourages the accuser
in these cases to pursue appropriate action in the courts.
Sexual misconduct is defined as inappropriate physical conduct
or threat of a sexual nature. Examples include:
Unwanted sexual contact
Forced sexual contact
Physical assault with sexual intent
Sexual intercourse without consent by means of force,
threat, intimidation or victim incapacity
Use of a position of authority in any University course,
program, activity or organization in an attempt to obtain sexual favors.
The Student-Faculty Hearing Board (SFHB) is authorized to hear
and adjudicate allegations of sexual misconduct involving Washington and Lee
students. The SFHB consists of four students appointed by the Executive
Committee and four faculty appointed by the Dean of the College. For a
complete listing of policies see the Student Handbook.

UNIVERSITY POLICY STATEMENT ON DRUGS

The faculty of Washington and Lee University does not condone
over-indulgence in alcohol; the possession or use of alcohol by students not
legally entitled to purchase the beverage in question; or the possession or
use of marijuana, of an illegal form of an opiate, amphetamine, hallucinogen,
cocaine, and of all other illegal controlled substances. The faculty expects
every student, at all times and in every place, to abide by the laws of the
United States and the several states regarding alcohol, marijuana, illegal
forms of opiates, amphetamines, hallucinogens, cocaine, and all other illegal
controlled substances.
Washington and Lee University wants to help the individual
achieve a realistic understanding of the consequences of drug use and the
ability to make informed, responsible decisions. The University s prime
responsibilities concerning drugs are education and counseling. Consistent
with these responsibilities, the University wishes to create an environment
in which students may discuss drug problems openly and without fear of
reprisal. The University, to foster this environment, will sponsor regular
seminars on drugs and drug use as well as offer counseling assistance at all
times.
Students sincerely interested in resolving personal drug problems
may seek guidance from University physicians, the Dean of Students, and his
staff; in seeking such aid, students may rest assured they do not risk
disciplinary action. Although conversations with these persons do not enjoy
immunity from court inquiry, they are under no obligation to initiate
reporting of drug offenses and would do so only in clearly dangerous and
extraordinary situations.
Although the enforcement of law is not within the educational
function of the University, no one should delude himself that the campus is
a sanctuary from law-enforcement agents. Society regulates by law the use of
drugs; it forbids even the possession of certain drugs. Law-enforcement
agents have jurisdiction on campus and, when possessing proper documents, may
legally make arrests or search any room or building without prior notice to
University officials. Moreover, the University cannot intervene to protect
accused persons from the consequences of their arrest or conviction. Whether
they are on or off campus, students are subject to the law.
Washington and Lee University does not wish to set student
against student, or faculty against student, to ferret out offenders; to do
so would undermine the educational enterprise. Nevertheless, the University
cannot ignore violations which come to its attention; that would deny society
its legitimate claim that we abide by the law and would invite others to
undertake the enforcement we, ourselves, would not provide.
As in other matters of student conduct, the Student Conduct
Committee s jurisdiction and concern extend over the Washington and Lee
students whether they are on this campus, in the local community, or visiting
other colleges and universities. In arriving at its decisions the Student
Conduct Committee will examine the particular circumstances of each case and
consider the interests of the individual and the University. One principle,
however, does seem clear: Individuals who use drugs are responsible for their
actions; individuals who make illegal drugs available to others are
responsible not only for their actions, but for the actions and welfare of
others as well. Accordingly, the severity of the penalty may depend upon the
degree to which an individual s action affects the interests of others.


BOARD OF TRUSTEES POLICY ON WITHHOLDING OF DEGREES

The Board of Trustees reserves the right to withhold the degree
of a student who has been convicted by a state or federal court of any
drug-related felony until the satisfactory completion of that student s
court-imposed sentence, including any period of probation.
The Board may postpone approval of a degree for any student who
has been charged with a drug-related felony by state or federal authorities
when such charge is pending at the time the degree is to be awarded.


UNIVERSITY POLICY STATEMENT ON ALCOHOL

Washington and Lee University students are responsible for their
actions. Under no circumstances will a person s behavior be excused,
overlooked, or minimized because of the use of alcohol. Furthermore, it is
the responsibility of every individual student and officers of student
organizations to become familiar with the drinking laws of the Commonwealth
of Virginia and to abide by those laws.
Washington and Lee University does not condone inappropriate
social behavior resulting from the use of alcohol, especially on campus, when
representing the University at neighboring colleges for the purpose of
attending sporting events, and when visiting other colleges for social
activities. Students or student organizations exhibiting inappropriate social
behavior will be referred to the appropriate disciplinary committee for
action.
Washington and Lee student groups will avoid promoting,
encouraging, or requiring the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Nonalcoholic
beverages should be available at every University function where alcoholic
beverages are served. Special interest student groups, including
fraternities, which encourage, require, or coerce people to drink alcoholic
beverages will not be tolerated. Furthermore, alcoholic beverages should not
be given away as a prize or incentive by any University recognized
organization.

UNIVERSITY POLICY ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Washington and Lee University is committed to providing its
students, faculty, and staff a place of study and work that is free from
sexual harassment. It is the policy of the University that no member of the
University community may sexually harass another.
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other
verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment
when:
a) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or
implicitly a term or condition of an individual s educational or employment
advancement;
b) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual
is used as the basis for academic or employment decisions affecting that
individual; or
c) such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially
interfering with an individual s academic or work performance or creating an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive educational or employment environment.
Allegations of violations of this policy will be investigated and
resolved in a prompt, equitable, and sensitive manner. The officer
responsible for initial investigation will be the Associate Dean of Students
for Minority and International Student Affairs. By faculty policy,
allegations of sexual misconduct by students against other students will be
referred to the Mediator in accordance with the University Policy and
Procedures on Sexual Misconduct.


THE COLLEGE

(information on faculty removed -- see Matters of Record)

PURPOSES OF THE COLLEGE

The purposes of the College are several: to provide the
essentials of a liberal education to all undergraduates before they separate
into their fields of specialization; to offer courses and majors leading to
the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science; to encourage
independent work and scholarly investigation; and to present courses
preliminary to professional training in such fields as engineering,
journalism, law, and medicine.
All freshmen in the University are members of the College. Their
work will be taken in those studies which, in the opinion of the faculty,
provide the fundamentals of a liberal education. The prescriptions of this
first year make possible an intelligent freedom in later years of study and
a wise choice of a major field. During the May registration for the fall
term of their sophomore year, all freshmen who wish to enter the School of
Commerce, Economics, and Politics will register in the office of the dean of
that school. All other freshmen will consult with their faculty advisers in
the selection of their courses for their sophomore year.
The aim of the work of the first two years is the achievement of
breadth; the work of the junior and senior years is directed toward the
mastery of a particular study. Students who expect to receive the degree of
Bachelor of Arts will do their major work in the liberal arts and humanities,
the social sciences, or the natural sciences; the student who expects to
receive the degree of Bachelor of Science will take specialized work in the
natural sciences.
The College offers the Bachelor of Arts degree, the Bachelor of
Science degree, and the Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments
in Chemistry. A student may work toward either a B.A. with a major in a
single department, or a B.A. in an interdepartmental grouping or in
Independent Work. A student may also work toward a B.S. in biology,
chemistry, chemistry-engineering, computer science, geology, mathematics,
neuroscience, physics-engineering, psychology, interdepartmental natural
sciences and mathematics, or in Independent Work, or the B.S. with Special
Attainments in Chemistry. Interdepartmental majors are planned to provide
concentration in a field rather than in a single department.
A major in Independent Work, leading to a B.A. or B.S., is
available to students who before the beginning of their junior year receive
special permission from the Committee on Courses and Degrees. (See Major in
Independent Work. ) The work may be in the humanities, the social sciences,
the natural sciences, or any combination of these fields. There are also
combined-plan programs in engineering in cooperation with Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute and Columbia University, and a combined plan program in
forestry in cooperation with Duke University.




THE BACCALAUREATE DEGREE

The curriculum at Washington and Lee University permits students
flexibility and individual responsibility in their choice of courses. With
the help of a faculty adviser, students choose a series of courses that will
lead them along one of several routes to a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of
Science degree.
A student qualifies for a degree by completing the following
requirements of the Faculty:
1. The General Education Requirements (see General Education
Requirements, page 73). These will usually be met during the freshman and
sophomore years.
2. A minimum of 121 credits with passing grades, including 1
credit (5 courses) for 100- and 200-level work in physical education. A
student must achieve at least the following cumulative grade-point averages:
1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and
Lee work used to meet degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major,
both as a whole and in the major subject.
3. 30 to 50 credits in a major. Majors may be departmental,
interdepartmental, independent, or in one of the special programs. (See The
Major. ) The work of the major, both as a whole and in the major subject,
must be completed with a grade-point average of 2.0 or better.

THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE

The candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts must, before
graduation, complete the following requirements of the faculty:
1. A student must submit a minimum of 121 credits (See The
Baccalaureate Degree ) with passing grades, including 1 credit (5 courses)
for 100- and 200-level work in physical education. A student must achieve at
least the following cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work
attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to
meet degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole
and in the major subject.
2. A distribution of courses according to the specifications
given under General Education Requirements.
3. The work in a major as outlined by the department or
interdepartmental program concerned.
The student may elect to meet these requirements of the B.A.
degree in conjunction with first-year law at Washington and Lee.

THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE

The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred upon those
students who have completed a course of study with concentration (50 credits)
in the field of the natural sciences, mathematics, and computer science, and
who have fulfilled the above requirements of the faculty. The degree is
designed for those who are attracted by scientific work, whether or not their
plans involve its direct application, and for those who intend to pursue
graduate study in certain scientific fields.
Students should seek advice from a member of the appropriate
departments in planning their schedules. Opportunities for concentration
include biology, chemistry, chemistry-engineering, computer science, geology,
mathematics, neuroscience, physics, physics-engineering, psychology, or the
interdepartmental major in the natural sciences and mathematics.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH SPECIAL ATTAINMENTS IN CHEMISTRY

The requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with
Special Attainments in Chemistry are flexible enough to meet the needs of all
undergraduate students who are seriously interested in chemistry. The
curriculum affords an excellent basis for graduate work, either with a view
to teaching or research, or for chemical engineering. It also provides the
full training ordinarily expected of college graduates at the bachelor s
level who seek positions as chemists in industry. Upon satisfactory
completion of this course of study, the student is offered associate
membership status in the American Chemical Society. (See Chemistry in the
Courses of Study. )

THE FRESHMAN YEAR

Entering freshmen are expected to select courses which will
enable them to begin satisfying the general education requirements, to
explore possibilities for a major and, perhaps, to continue study in a field
of special interest to them. To assist in the selection of courses, freshmen
are assigned faculty advisers with whom they confer during the first week of
the academic session and who remain available for consultation until a major
is chosen. In certain fields placement tests will be offered on an optional
basis to entering freshmen, and their results, along with any advanced
placement reports, will be used in determining the level of work which should
be pursued.
In choosing courses freshmen should consider that the skills in
mathematics and language study they have acquired may deteriorate if they do
not continue work in them immediately. They should also be sure to take the
courses prerequisite to later work they desire. If they are interested in
working for the degree of Bachelor of Science or for the Bachelor of Arts
with a major in science, including premedical work, they should register for
mathematics and science in their freshman year. Chemistry is required for
majors in biology, chemistry or chemistry-engineering, and for those planning
careers in medicine. Physics 108, 109 is the normal choice for freshmen
intending to major in physics or physics-engineering. Students planning to
major in geology or related earth sciences should take geology, and chemistry
or physics. Students planning to major in biology should, if qualified, take
both chemistry and biology in the freshman year. Students planning to major
in business administration, business administration and accounting, or
economics are advised to take mathematics; those planning to major in
politics are advised to take statistics. All students, in planning their
first year, should examine the requirements for any major of potential
interest listed under Courses of Study.
Students considering graduate work should consult their advisers
with regard to possible language and mathematics requirements for advanced
degrees.

GENERAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS

The goals of a liberal education include both breadth of
knowledge (general education) and competency in a specialized discipline or
field of knowledge (the major). The general education component seeks to
expose students to various modes of thought and to the variety of ideas and
values in today s world. Students need to demonstrate particular
proficiencies to assure their general education and have a reasonable degree
of choice in making course selections to meet these requirements. In every
case the requirement can be satisfied by students placement examinations or
by taking a course or courses. No single course may satisfy more than one
general education requirement. The requirements are:
1. English Composition.
The English department will assess the proficiency of
entering students by a placement examination. The most proficient will be
exempt from the composition requirement. Others may demonstrate their
proficiency by completing successfully one of the following courses English
101 or 105.

2. Foreign Language.
Entering students who demonstrate, on placement tests
administered by the language departments, that they are qualified to enter
third-year language courses have met this foreign language requirement. All
others may meet it by completing satisfactorily one of the following
courses Chinese 262, French 152 or 162, German 262, Greek 202, Japanese 262,
Latin 202, Russian 262, or Spanish 162 or 164.

3. Literature.
To meet this requirement a student must take two courses (6
credits of work) from among the following:
a. all courses listed under the title Literature in
Translation.
b. Chinese 312.
c. Classics 201, 202, 300 (History 300).
d. English all 200- and 300-level courses except 201, 203,
204, 301, 303, 307, 308, 370, 385, and 386.
e. French 262 and all 300-level courses.
f. German all 300-level courses except 301, 302, 303, 311,
312, 321, 325, 332, and 334. German 321 is acceptable if the subject is
literary.
g. Greek all 300-level courses except
308.
h. Japanese 311, 312.
i. Latin all 300-level courses.
j. Religion 206 (Literature in Translation 206).
k. Russian 315.
l. Spanish 207, 208, and all 300-level courses.
m. 400-level courses in Chinese, Italian, and Japanese if
the subject matter is literary.
4. Fine Arts, History, Philosophy, and Religion.
A student must take at least 12 credits from at least two
of the following four areas:
a. Fine Arts Classics 200 and 287, and all art courses
below the 400 level; all music courses below the 400 level except Music 100,
101, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117 and the applied music courses; and all
theatre courses below the 400 level except Theatre 142, 242 and 397.
b. History all courses below the 400 level except History
190.
c. Philosophy Classics 221, Greek 302 and all philosophy
courses below the 400 level except Philosophy 305.
d. Religion Sociology 221 and all religion courses below
the 400 level except Religion 200, 206 and 381.

5. Science and Mathematics.
A student is required to complete 10 credits in science and
mathematics, including at least 4 credits of laboratory science from
requirement a and a course chosen from requirement 5b below:
a. Laboratory science courses
Biology 100, 110, or 170
Chemistry 100, 101, or 102 and 103
Geology 100 or 101
Physics 101, 108, 109, 150, or 151
b. Mathematics 101, 121, Computer Science 101, 110
c. Additional courses in mathematics or science used to
complete this requirement:
Any of the courses above not used to meet requirement
a or 5b
Biology 171, 172, 210, 212
Chemistry 102, 104, 105, 106, 122
Computer Science 111
Engineering 160
Geology 102, 104, 108, 135, 140, 146,
160, 195, 201, 210, 247
Mathematics 102, 118, 122
Physics 102, 104, 110
6. Social Sciences.
A student must take at least nine credits from at least
two of the following four areas:
a. Economics 101, 102
b. Politics 100, 101, 104, 111, 201, 203 (Journalism
203), 214, 265
c. Cognitive Science 110, Psychology 111, 112, 113
d. Anthropology 101, 205, 207, Sociology 102, 200
(Religion 200), 202, 225

THE MAJOR

The Bachelor of Arts degree is given with majors in the following
departments and special programs:

Archaeology and Anthropology
Art
Biology
Chemistry
Classics
Cognitive Science
Computer Science
East Asian Studies
Economics
English
Environmental Studies in Geology
Forestry and Environmental Studies (3-2)
French
Geology
German language
German literature
History
Independent Work
Journalism and Mass Communications
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Music
Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Philosophy
Physics
Politics
Psychology
Public Policy
Religion
Romance Languages
Russian Studies
Sociology and Anthropology
Spanish
Theatre

The Bachelor of Science degree is given in the following
departments and special programs:


Biology
Chemistry
Chemistry-Engineering
Chemistry-Engineering (3-2)
Computer Science
Forestry and Environmental Studies (3-2)
Geology
Independent Work
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Neuroscience
Physics
Physics-Engineering
Physics-Engineering (3-2)
Psychology


The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Chemistry is a special program designed primarily for those who wish to
pursue graduate work in chemistry or chemistry-engineering.

The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Commerce is given in:

Business Administration
Business Administration and Accounting
Law (3-3)

The requirements for departmental majors are described at the
beginning of the course listings for each department. (See Courses of
Study. )
Students who wish to follow a program not outlined in this
catalogue may choose an adviser prior to the beginning of their junior year
and present an independent work major program for approval by the Committee
on Courses and Degrees. Such a major may be used for either the Bachelor of
Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. Application for an independent major will
not be accepted after the first term of a student s junior year.
Students may major in more than one department by completing the
requirements of each department. Those who find a double major more
attractive should recognize the costs in constrained breadth of education
(i.e. fewer electives) and consider the option of a secondary emphasis
without fulfilling formally the requirements of a second major.

DECLARATION AND CHANGE
OF MAJOR

When a student decides upon a major, he or she works out a course
of study with the head of that department. A student who elects more than one
major must work out a course of study with the heads of departments involved.
When majors involve two different schools or two different degrees, the
University Registrar must be informed of the student s preference as to
school and degree. This must be done by the time of registration for the fall
term of the student s junior year, at which time a Declaration of Major and
Adviser form must be filled out and filed in the University Registrar s
Office. Failure to do so constitutes incomplete registration and will be
subject to a late registration fee. Each subsequent registration week the
student confers with his or her adviser(s) on progress toward the major(s)
and makes any appropriate revisions.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the
catalogue, the faculty may change the requirements to satisfy any major after
a student has commenced studies at the University. In this case, the student,
upon declaring a major, may be required to satisfy the major requirements as
revised.
Change of major requires approval of the head of the new
department on a Declaration of Major and Adviser form. After the spring
term of the student s junior year and before the beginning of the winter term
of the senior year, a student may change majors only with permission of the
Faculty Executive Committee. Thereafter the student may not change his or her
declared major (or the degree of which that major is a component), except
that a student with two or more majors may drop all but one with permission
of the Committee if that student has not failed a comprehensive examination.

MAJOR IN INDEPENDENT WORK

Students who are making satisfactory progress toward a degree
(i.e., not on academic probation) and who believe they would benefit
educationally from a major not outlined in this catalogue may prepare a
proposal for a major of independent work. The Dean of the College has
guidelines and forms for preparing such a proposal. Working with faculty
advisers from at least two disciplines, the student should develop a clear
and coherent plan of study that promises benefits unobtainable from an
established major. The program should consist of 30 to 50 credits and must be
the only major the student is pursuing. The proposal should be submitted to
the Committee on Courses and Degrees prior to the beginning of the junior
year but in no case later than October 15th of the junior year. Once approval
is granted, any subsequent changes must be approved by the Committee on
Courses and Degrees.
Students majoring in independent work are allowed to apply for
an honors program. The major will be noted on transcripts as, for example,
Independent Work (Renaissance and Reformation Studies).

HONORS IN THE MAJOR

In order to encourage independent work and scholarly
investigation by students and to foster their intellectual curiosity, a
number of departments have established programs leading to a degree with
honors in the major. Such programs provide an enhancement of the regular
program for departmental majors and also of interdepartmental and independent
majors. Featuring a special profundity and intensity, and characterized by a
close rapport between student and mentor, the honors programs are designed as
an enrichment opportunity for students who demonstrate superior aptitude and
self-discipline in the pursuit of their major study.
Descriptions of the honors programs of individual departments may
be obtained from the department heads. Interested students should make
inquiry by the time of declaration of major, in order to identify any special
admission requirements or related standards that have been set by the
department for its particular honors program.
Participants in the University Scholars program, in meeting the
requirements of that special program, are encouraged to undertake honors work
in their chosen major.

Admission into Honors Work

A prospective honors student applies in writing to the
departmental head or major adviser. In general, application must be made by
May 1 of the junior year; in certain departments, earlier application is
required (often to accommodate special course work in the junior year).
In all departments, admission into honors work is subject to
availability of advisory staff and assessment of the individual s ability to
profit significantly from the program s special demands.
Minimum eligibility for honors candidacy is a 3.0 cumulative
grade-point average by the time of enrollment in the honors thesis courses
(numbered in the 490s). Many departments have established additional
eligibility requirements for their own honors programs, such as special
academic standing within the department, and these criteria must also be met.

Requirements for Honors in the Major

All Honors programs require an Honors Thesis during the senior
year, involving 6 credits (no more, no less) of independent work, such as a
significant report based upon field or laboratory research, a creative
accomplishment in the arts, or a comparable scholarly undertaking
demonstrating more than simply a mastery of subject matter.
The student must begin work on the thesis at the start of the
fall term of the senior year. Background work on the thesis topic normally is
expected to be in progress by the end of the junior year, and the subject and
approach for the thesis should already be established before the start of the
senior year s thesis work. Work on the thesis is to be accompanied by
periodic conferences with the adviser and the submitting of interim reports
showing the progress achieved to that point. (Only under extraordinary
circumstances not general practice may the thesis work be assigned entirely
to a single term, and in such an instance the student must be prepared to
begin intensive work on the thesis itself by the first week of the term, the
subject and approach already having been established in preliminary study.)
The final draft of the thesis is due by May 1 (or by the end of
the winter term in certain departments). A permanent copy of the thesis must
be deposited in the Leyburn Library.
Remaining credits in the major are gained in regular course work,
honors seminars, internships, directed individual study or tutorials, or a
combination of these as prescribed in the department s program. Many
departments require a comprehensive examination (written and/or oral) and/or
a formal oral presentation and defense of the completed thesis.
Upon successful completion of an approved honors program, the
student is awarded a bachelor s degree with honors in the major, and, for
those also participating as University Scholars, the additional citation of
University Scholar.
An Honors program may prescribe no more than 3/4 of a normal
course load for a student in the junior and senior years, so that adequate
time for free electives is permitted.

Credits and Grades

Degree credits and grades for the thesis work will be awarded on
completion of the thesis and any honors examinations, in the manner customary
for completed projects and courses. These credits will be spread over the
fall and winter terms of the senior year, under the rubric 493 (3-3), Honors
Thesis.
A student s continuing eligibility as an honors candidate will
be determined by subjecting that student s work to periodic review based on
the level of work to that point.
A student who resigns or is dropped from an honors program will
not ordinarily be readmitted; completed work would in such cases be
translated by the student s advisers into alternate course credits, with
grades, appropriate to a regular major. In this manner, a student not
successfully completing all the requirements for the honors citation might
still be able to graduate with the class, but without receiving an honors
citation.

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONS

A comprehensive examination is given to all seniors majoring in
classics, English, geology (B.S.), and German. The examination is given on a
date in the winter or spring term set in advance by the department concerned.

Grades given on the examination will be Excellent, Pass, or Fail.
A stude