Official Notification
of Changes to the 1995-96 Catalogue
(Updated January 15, 1996)

COURSE INFORMATION:

Course Additions

*ART 101 (3) - Survey of Western Art: Ancient to Renaissance.
Chronological survey of Western art from the Paleolithic Age
through the Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe.
Examination of cultural and stylistic influences in the art and
architecture of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Consideration of distinct interests in early Christian,
Byzantine, Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Focus on major
monuments and influential images produced up to circa 1600.
Bent. Fall

*ART 102 (3) - Survey of Western Art: Baroque to the Present.
Chronological survey of Western art from the end of Mannerism
through the 1990s. Topics include the cultural and stylistic
origins of the Baroque and Rococo, the Neo-Classical reaction,
Romanticism and Naturalism, the Barbizon School and Realism,
Impressionism and its aftermath, Fauvism, Cubism, Dada,
Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop, Minimalism, and the
Post-modern reaction to Modernism. O'Mara. Winter

The above courses in art will be options for satisfying the
general education requirement in fine arts, history, philosophy,
and religion (Area 4).

ART 401 (1), 402 (2) - Directed Individual Study. Offered when
interest is expressed and departmental resource permit. May not
be used toward major requirements. Prerequisite: Permission of
the department. Individual or class study of special topics in
art history. May be repeated for degree credit with permission
and if the topics are different. Staff.

*BIOLOGY 111 (4) - General Biology I. Prerequisite: Permission
of the department. Basic concepts of molecular and cellular
biology, physiology and development of animals and plants.
Emphasis on evolution, characteristics of living systems, and
common problems of survival among Earth's life forms.
Appropriate for prospective science majors. Laboratory course.
Staff. Fall

*BIOLOGY 112 (4) - General Biology II. Prerequisite:
Permission of the department. General principles of genetics
and evolutionary biology, survey of biodiversity, and ecology.
Emphasis on micro- and macro-evolutionary processes responsible
for diversification of life on Earth. Appropriate for
prospective science majors. Laboratory course. Staff. Winter

The above courses in biology will be options for satisfying the
general education requirement in laboratory science (Area 5a.).

BIOLOGY 255 (3) - Reproductive Physiology. (Spring 1996 and
alternate years) Prerequisite: Biology 111. An examination of
sex as a biological phenomenon with consideration of the genetic
(chromosomal), embryological, endocrine, and neurological bases
of sexual development, differentiation, and identity. I'Anson.

BIOLOGY 287 (1) - Neuroendocrinology. Additional prerequisite:
Biology 172. I'Anson. Fall.

BIOLOGY 288 (1) - Mammalian Reproductive Biology.
Prerequisites: Biology Junior standing and permission of the
instructor. I'Anson. Fall

BIOLOGY 295 (1) - Topics in Biology. Prerequisites: Biology 112,
182, junior standing and permission of the instructor. Seminar
topics vary with instructor and term. Sample topics include:
genetics, molecular genetics, virology, evolutionary biology,
history of medicine, biology of aging, ecology, cancer,
microbiology and immunology. These are in-depth studies of
restricted topics within the broad areas indicated by the
titles, involving critical review of literature, discussion and
oral and/or written presentation. One such seminar is required
of each major pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree, and no more
than two may be counted toward the 30 credits in biology
required for the major. May be repeated for degree credit with
permission and if the topics are different. Staff. Fall,
Winter, Spring

BIOLOGY 355 (4) - Histology. Prerequisites: Biology 111 and
permission of the instructor. A study of the normal microscopic
structure of the mammalian body with emphasis placed on
structural and functional correlations. Laboratory work
included the study of prepared tissue and the preparation of
tissues for microscopy. Laboratory course. I'Anson. Fall

BIOLOGY 397 (3) - Selected Topics in Neuroendocrinology. (Spring
1997 and alternate years) Prerequisites: Biology 205, 213, or
314, junior standing and permission of the instructor. A study
of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine
system, with special reference to regulation and communication
in the mammal. Topics may include neuroendocrine regulation of
development, the role of the adrenal axis in stress, metabolic
regulation of reproduction, or biological rhythms, among others.
May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the
topics are different. I'Anson.

COMPUTER SCIENCE 130 (3) - Unix Software Tools. Prerequisite:
Computer Science 111. An introduction to software tools provided
in the Unix operating system environment. Students use and
program the Z-shell Unix interface, use and customize the X-
window environment, edit text with emacs, and program on a Unix
platform machine. Further topics are selected from document
typesetting with LaTeX, developing documents for the World Wide
Web, programming with the Perl language, using Lex and Yacc to
generate programs, and using other current Unix-based software
tools. Vermeer. Spring

COMPUTER SCIENCE 340 (3) - Interactive Computer Graphics.
Prerequisite: Computer Science 211. A study of the underlying
techniques and algorithms used in the display and manipulation
of graphics images in an interactive environment. Topics
include programming with Motif and the X-window system, two-and
three-dimensional viewing and transformations, color models, and
realistic rendering of images. A major component of the course
is the development and programming of a variety of projects
which demonstrate the topics discussed in class. Vermeer.

COMPUTER SCIENCE 493 (3-3) - Honors Thesis. Prerequisites:
Senior standing and honors candidacy. Staff. Fall-Winter

*ENGLISH 207 (3) - The Novel. A introductory study of the novel
written in English. The course may focus on major
representative texts or upon a subgenre or thematic approach.
In all cases, the course introduces students to fundamental
issues in the history and theory of modern narrative. Staff.
Fall, Winter

The above course will be an option for satisfying the general
education requirement in literature (Area 3).

*ENGLISH 350 (3) - Postcolonial Literature. (Winter 1997 and
alternate years) Prerequisites: Three credits in English and
junior standing or permission of the instructor. A study of
postcolonial poetry, drama, and fiction in English. The course
examines "postcolonial" themes and techniques in an historical
context, asking what "postcolonial" means to writers of
countries formerly colonized by the British. The course begins
with a study of late 19th-century imperial fictions in verse and
prose by Haggard, Conrad, and Kipling and turns to recent
literature by Achebe, Emecheta, Ngugi, Lessing, Coetzee, Doyle,
Heaney, Irish language poets, Gupta, and Rushdie. Topics
include colonization and decolonization; writing in the
colonizer's language; influences of English and vernacular
literatures; the relationship of postcolonial to postmodern;
Orientalism; censorship and exile; and the role of post-imperial
Britain in the publication, distribution, and consumption of
postcolonial literature. Keen.

*ENGLISH 351 (3) - Commonwealth Fiction. (Winter 1996 and
alternate years) Prerequisites: Three credits in English and
junior standing or permission of the instructor. A study of
narrative fiction written after 1931 by writers from India,
Egypt, West Africa, New Zealand, the Caribbean, Canada, South
Africa, Ireland and Scotland. Writers will be selected from
among the following: O'Brien, Lessing, Doyle, Munro, Atwood,
Kincaid, Richler, Davies, Laurance, Gordimer, Okri, Coetzee,
Emecheta, Desai, Naipaul, Gupta, White, Hulme, Keneally, and
Spark. Emphasis on techniques of traditional and experimental
fiction, subgenres of the novel, and international influences
(such as magical realism and the French New Novel) on the novel
and short story in English. Keen.

*ENGLISH 356 (3) - Contemporary British Fiction. (Fall 1995 and
alternate years) Prerequisites: Three credits in English and
either junior standing or permission of the instructor. An
examination of fiction of the postwar period by British writers,
including Martin Amis, Byatt, Drabble, Golding, Ishiguro,
Lessing, Murdoch, Swift, and Winterson. Emphasis on techniques
of narrative fiction; theories of the novel; cultural and
historical context; and subgenres of the novel. Keen.

The above courses in English will satisfy the general education
requirement in literature (Area 3).

ENGLISH 453 (3) - Internship in Literary Editing with
Shenandoah. Prerequisites: Junior standing and approval of the
Shenandoah editor. An apprenticeship in editing for one student
each 12-week term with the editor of Shenandoah, Washington and
Lee's literary magazine. The student is instructed in and
assists in these facets of the editor's work: evaluation of
manuscripts, proofreading/copy editing, the arrangement of work
within an issue, selection of cover art, contributor's notes,
responses to queries, and news releases. The student also works
toward an understanding of the role of journals in contemporary
literature. Mr. Smith. Fall, Winter

*HISTORY 158 (3) - Seminar in 19th- and 20th-Century Africa for
Freshmen and Sophomores. Offered when interest is expressed and
departmental resources permit. Prerequisite: Permission of the
instructor. Topics include African societies before European
political intervention, the European "scramble" (1876 to 1902),
the colonial era (the 1890s to 1960s), independence, the Cold
War, civil war, economic collapse and new beginnings. Porter.
Spring

*HISTORY 346 (3) - Seminar on Reconstruction, 1865-1877. (Spring
1997 and alternate years) Prerequisites: Junior standing and
permission of the instructor. Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson,
and the restoration of the Union. Congressional Reconstruction
and the crusade for black equality. Impeachment of the
President. Reconstruction in the South. Carpetbaggers,
Scalawags and Freedmen. The politics of growth and greed.
Collapse of Republican governments and restoration of
conservative control. Implications for the future. Merchant.

*HISTORY 366 (3) - Slavery in the Americas. Prerequisites:
Junior standing and permission of the instructor. An intensive
examination of slavery, abolition movements and emancipation in
North America, the Caribbean and Latin America. Emphasis is on
the use of primary sources and class discussion of assigned
readings. DeLaney. Spring.

The above courses in history will be options for satisfying the
general education requirement in fine arts, history, philosophy,
and religion (Area 4).

MUSIC 361 (3) - Advanced Composition I. Prerequisite: Music
262. Study of composition to include expanding harmonic
vocabulary and achieving rhythmic and metric flexibility and
variety. Brouwer. Fall.

MUSIC 362 (3) - Advanced Composition II. Prerequisite: Music
361. Study includes writing idiomatically for the instruments;
writing for voice and setting text properly; and achieving
varying textural and timbral usages. In addition, students try
different styles of contemporary writing in order to find the
one that suits them best. Brouwer. Winter.

POLITICS 396 (3) - Seminar in Political Philosophy.
Prerequisites: Politics 111 and permission of the instructor.
An examination of selected questions and problems in political
philosophy. May be repeated for degree credit with permission
and if the topics are different. Vel squez. Spring

*RELIGION 105 (3) - Introduction to Islam and Judaism. (Fall
1996 and alternate years) An introductory examination and
comparison of the history, literature, religious life, and
social forms of Islam and Judaism, as well as contemporary
challenges to each tradition. Issues in the general study of
religion are also addressed. Marks.

*RELIGION 140 (3) - History of Christian Theology and Ethics.
(Winter 1998 and alternate years) An introduction to diverse
Christian ideas about God and God's relation to the world, and
the interaction between these ideas and the moral practices and
social institutions that have developed among Christians. This
study includes readings from primary sources beginning with both
testaments of Christian scripture and concluding with some 20th-
century theological proposals. Beckley.

*RELIGION 270 (3) - Interreligious Dialogue. (Spring 1996 and
alternate years) Prerequisite: One course in religion. This
course examines the literature of encounter between religious
communities to illuminate ways in which religious communities
have rejected other traditions as well as sought understanding
and cooperation. Texts come from Christian, Buddhist, Jewish,
Hindu, and Muslim writers. Marks.

*RELIGION 360 (3) - Seminar in Perspectives on Death and Dying.
(Fall 1996 and alternate years) This course compares the way
various religious traditions conceive of death, the afterlife,
and the proper human response to death. It also approaches the
topic through some readings from the social sciences and world
literature. Marks.

The above courses in religion will be options for satisfying the
general education requirement in fine arts, history, philosophy,
and religion (Area 4).

*SPANISH 315 (3) - The Spanish-American Short Story. (Spring
1996 and alternate years) A study of the Spanish-American short
story with special attention to the works of Quiroga, Borges,
Cort zar, and Valenzuela. Williams.

The above course will be an option for satisfying the general
education requirement in literature (Area 3).


Course Revisions

*ART 285 (3-3) - Art of the Cities of Northern Italy, 1250-1550.
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Required
corequisite: All students must register for three additional
credits of independent study arranged with a W&L department in
advance of the spring term. The art and culture of the cities of
the North during the Renaissance. Visits to the important
churches, museums, galleries, palaces, villas, public buildings,
and plazas of Milan, Como, Parma, Verona, Vicenza, Padua,
Venice, Ferrara, Mantua, Florence, Siena, Cortona, Arezzo,
Perugia, Assisi, and Rome. Readings, reports, and a term paper
are required. Pellicciaro. Spring

BIOLOGY 282 (1) - Biological Aging. Prerequisites: Junior
standing and permission of the instructor. Nye. Winter

renumber and rename the following Biology courses:

Old
New
170-Survey of Plant
Kingdom 235
171-General Botany 330-Experimental Botany
172-General Zoology 240
174-Genetics 220
204-Developmental 365
205-Vertebrate
Endocrinology 250
207-Evolution 340
212-Field Botany 230
213-Anatomy & Physiology 260
214-General Ecology 245
216-Galapagos 345
217-Reproductive
Physiology 255
312-Molecular Genetics 320
314-Animal Physiology 362-Comparative Animal Physiology
316-Cell & Molecular 215
318-Immunology 350
330-Histology 355

renumber Computer Science 301 (3), Data Structures and
Algorithms as Computer Science 211 (3), renumber Computer
Science 212 (3), Programming Language Design as Computer
Science 312 (3), and Computer Science 303 (3), Theory of
Computation as Computer Science 313 (3)

ECONOMICS 120 (3) - Economics, Ecology, and Resource
Conservation. The rate of growth of the human population,
economic development, preservation of a healthy environment,
conservation of exhaustible resources, and the unequal
distribution of income in the world today. The course is
directed to freshmen and sophomores. No previous economics
coursework required. Gunn. Spring

ECONOMICS 396 (6) - Supervised Study Abroad.

FRENCH 213 (3) - Atelier de conversation

GERMAN 332 (3) - Performing German. Prerequisite: German 262 or
permission of the instructor. The reading, interpretation,
preparation and performance of one or more German language
dramas. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if
the topics are different. A maximum of three credits may be
used to meet major requirements.

HISTORY 132 (3) - Case Studies in Latin American History. May
be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics
are different.

*HISTORY 345 (3) - The American Civil War. (Alternate years)
Prerequisite: Junior standing and permission of the instructor.
The sectional crisis; the election of 1860 and the secession of
the southern states; military strategy and tactics; weapons,
battles, leaders; life of the common soldier; diplomacy; King
Cotton and King Wheat; the politics of war; the economics of
growth and destruction; emancipation; life behind the lines;
victory and defeat. Merchant

renumber History 348 (3), The United States since 1945, to
History 349 (3); History 347 (3), Populism, Progressivism and
the New Deal, to History 348 (3); and History 346 (3), American
in the Gilded Age, 1870 to 1900, to History 347 (3).

*PHILOSOPHY 156 (3) - Philosophy and Literature. Course number
changed to Philosophy 256.

renumber Physics 180 (3) - Relativity as Physics 202 (3),
Relativity

PHYSICS 315 (3) - Nuclear Physics Offered when interest is
expressed and departmental resources permit. Prerequisites:
Physics 210, Mathematics 221. Topics include radioactivity,
nuclear reactions, high-energy physics and elementary particles.
Donaghy.

renumber Religion 180 (3) to Religion 280 (3), American
Catholicism and Religion 207 (3) to Religion 107 (3), Hinduism
and Buddhism.

*POLITICS 111 (3) - Introduction to Political Philosophy. An
introduction to some of the perennial themes of politics such as
the relationship between the individual and the community,
private conscience and public virtue, the claims of reason and
of faith, thought and practice, and the nature of law,
obligation, and rights. This course also examines less obvious
but equally important political topics such as friendship,
family, gender, race, and human character. Our inquiry is
guided by selections from influential works in the history of
Western political thought, ancient, modern, and contemporary,
and includes writings by literary figures, politicians, poets,
and artists.

POLITICS 265 (3) - Ancient and Medieval Political Philosophy.
Prerequisite: Politics 111. An examination of the origins of
political philosophy in ancient Greece, and of the Medieval
synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christianity. Among the
topics discussed are the relation between philosophy and
politics, reason and faith, political institutions and the
perfection of human nature. Our inquiry is guided by a close
reading of Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Politics and
Nicomachean Ethics, Augustine's Confessions andCity of God, and
selections from Aquinas' Summas. Vel squez. Fall.[the general
education designation has been removed for this course]

POLITICS 266 (3) - Modern Political Philosophy. Prerequisite:
Politics 111. An examination of the philosophic sources of
"Modernity," with special attention to the origins and
development of modern liberalism. Our inquiry is guided by a
close reading of Machiavelli's Prince, Thomas Hobbes's
Leviathan, John Locke's Thoughts on Education, Essay Concerning
Human Understanding, and Letter on Toleration, and selections
from the writings of the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, David
Hume and Adam Smith in particular. Among the topics discussed
are the application of the "laws of nature" to politics, the
origin of natural rights doctrine and of government by
representation or consent, the central place given to property
and commerce, the separation of church and state, the emerging
importance given to institutions as mechanisms to channel and
control human passions, and the relation between individual
freedom or conscience and community. Vel squez. Winter

*RELIGION 195 (3) - Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. An
introduction to the history and philosophy of Tibetan Buddhism
as described in the "path of reasoning" teachings of Dzong-ka-ba
(1357-1419). Dzong-ka-ba's lineage became the most important
Buddhist tradition in Tibet and Mongolia, producing all 14 Dalai
Lamas and many other Tibetan saints and scholars. The course
examines some of the primary materials inspiring this flowering
of Tibet's continuation of classical Indian Buddhism. Magee.
Spring 1995 only.

The above course will be an option for satisfying the general
education requirement in fine arts, history, philosophy, and
religion (Area 4).

*UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS 202 (3-4) - Natural Science Seminar.
Revised to allow for either three or four credits, depending on
the course recommended by the University Scholars Committee.

Here are the course descriptions for the 1995-96 University
Scholars courses.

UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS 101 (1) - Readings in the Humanities:
Negritude.

*UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS 201 (3) - Negritude. This seminar
focuses on the literary movement known as "Negritude" which
is associated with young African expatriate writers in Paris
in the 1930s (especially Cesaire and Senghor) and with their
subsequent literary and political careers in their native
countries. A selection of prose, poetry, theatre, and
theoretical essays representative of the movement are read,
as well as contemporary commentary by African writers. The
course deals with notions of cultural identity and the
function of literature. General education requirement 3 in
literature. Lambeth. Spring

*UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS 202 (4) - Botany for Poets. Enrollment
limited to 11 University Scholars. This course introduces
the students to the spring flora of the local area through
weekly field trips to various locations. In the lecture and
the laboratory, the evolution of the plant kingdom is
discussed and particular attention focussed on such groups
as algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering
plants. Laboratory course. Nye. Spring

*UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS 203 (3) - Max Weber. This seminar is
an interdisciplinary study of the writing of Max Weber, one
of the founders of the modern social sciences. Although
Weber was primarily an economic historian, his interests
were many -- the history of religion and contemporary
politics above all. The class reads his Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism and various other books and
essays on politics, comparative religion, and the
methodology of the social sciences. General education
requirement 6 in sociology. Davis. Winter


Course Deletions

Art 100 (3), Introduction to Art
Biology 110 (4), General Biology
Biology 173 (3) - Lectures in Genetics
Biology 280 (1) - Genetics, Molecular Genetics or Virology
Biology 281 (1) - Current Research in Evolutionary Biology
Biology 282 (1) - Biological Aging
Biology 284 (1) - Topics in Ecology
Biology 285 (1) - Cancer: Science and Society
Biology 286 (1) - Microbiology or Immunology
Biology 287 (1) - Neuroendocrinology
Biology 288 (1) - Mammalian Reproductive Biology.
Computer Science 321 (3) - Networks
History 323 (6 or 3-3) - Supervised Study in Russia
History 376 (3) - West African History
Politics 248 (3) - American Political Theory
Politics 269 (3) - Logical and Moral Aspects of Public Decision-
Making


Revisions to Major Requirements

ART
"A major in art history leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires completion of at least 40 credits in art as follows:
1. Art 101, 102, 121, 431
2. Art 122 or 131; Art 473 or 493 (3-3)
3. at least 21 credits from the following, including at least
one course in each group:
a. Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque: Art 200
(Classics 200), 205, 206, 250, 251, 252, 285, 287
(Classics 287), 302, 330, 380
b. East Asian: Art 140, 240, 241, 340, 341, 390
c. American and 19th- and 20th-century European: Art 202,
203, 261, 301, 302, 306, 307, 380
4. three additional credits chosen from among studio art
courses

A major in studio art leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires completion of at least 40 credits in art as follows:
1. Art 102, 121, 217, 431
2. Art 122 or 131; Art 473 or 493 (3-3)
3. three credits chosen from Art 231, 232, 331, and 332
4. 15 additional credits from studio art courses
5. six credits chosen from among art history courses, including
three credits chosen from Art 203, 307, or 380 (when the
topic is 20th-century art)
6. a faculty review of the student's studio work in the junior
year"

BIOLOGY (leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree)
"B.A. major: The biology major leading to a Bachelor of Arts
degree consists of 41 credits as follows:
1. Biology 111, 112, 182, 340, Chemistry 111
2. either Biology 215 or Chemistry 112
3. at least 15 credits chosen from the following and not used
to satisfy the above requirements, including at least one
from each category and two laboratory courses (indicated by
*):
a. Cellular and Molecular Biology: Biology 210, 215*,
220*, 310*, 320*, 396
b. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology: Biology 230*, 235*,
240*, 245*, 330*, 345*
c. Structural and Functional Biology: Biology 250, 255*,
260*, 350, 355, 362*, 365*, 397
4. six credits in mathematics, or three credits in mathematics
and Economics/Management 201

Biology 182 should be completed during the freshman year, but
must be completed before the end of the sophomore year for
prospective biology majors."

BIOLOGY (leading to a Bachelor of Science degree)
"B.S. major: The biology major leading to a Bachelor of Science
degree consists of 50 credits in science and mathematics, with
at least 30 credits in biology. The major must include the
following:
1. Biology 111, 112, 182, 295; Chemistry 242; Mathematics 102;
Physics 109
2. at least 20 additional credits among biology courses at or
above the 200 level. This must include at least nine
credits at the 300 level, including at least one laboratory
course.

Biology 182 should be completed during the freshman year, but
must be completed before the end of the sophomore year for
prospective biology majors.

Additional courses..."

CHEMISTRY
"...Chemistry 111, 112, 206, 207, 210, 241, 242, 243, 244,
261..."

CLASSICS
"A major in classics leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires completion of at least 36 credits, including the
following, and the comprehensive examination.
1. at least 18 credits in Greek and/or Latin with no more than
six credits at the 100-level
2. at least 12 credits chosen from the following:
courses in Latin or Greek in addition to those used in 1.
above
Classics 200 (Art 200)
Classics 201(Literature in Translation 201)
...
independent study courses approved in advance by the
department
3. a comprehensive examination administered in the senior year"

COMPUTER SCIENCE
"A major in computer science leading to a Bachelor of Arts
degree requires completion of at least 40 credits, including the
following:
1. Computer Science 110, 111, 130, 210, 211, 312, 313,
Mathematics 121
2. either Computer Science 423 or 493 (3-3)
3. either Mathematics 102 or 122
4. one course chosen from Computer Science 315, 317, 330, 332,
340, 397
5. Completion of one of the following groups:
a. six additional credits in computer science
b. three additional credits in computer science and, with
approval of a student's computer science adviser, nine
credits from a cognate area such as accounting,
economics, engineering, management, mathematics or
physics. Examples of appropriate cognate work are
available from the department head.

A major in computer science leading to a Bachelor of Science
degree requires completion of at least 50 credits, including the
following:

1. Computer Science 110, 111, 130, 210, 211, 312, 313,
Mathematics 121, 222
2. either Computer Science 330 or 332
3. either Computer Science 423 or 493 (3-3)
4. six additional credits in computer science
5. six additional credits in mathematics at the 200-level or
above"

HISTORY
2.b. United States, Canada, and Latin America (330-369).
Because of the accessibility of primary materials in
American history, the 15 credits must include at least
three courses chosen from History 331, 342, 344, 346,
347, and 366.

JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS
"A major in journalism and mass communications leading to a
Bachelor of Arts degree requires completion of the following:

1. 31 credits, including Journalism 101, 190, 201, 203
(Politics 203), and 301, and completion of one of the
following sequences:
a. Print journalism - Journalism 253, 351, either 354 or
355, and either 403 or 453
b. Broadcast journalism - Journalism 263, 361, 362, and
either 403 or 453
c. Communications - three of the following courses, with
at least one from each of the two groups:
Journalism 253, 263, 266, 351, 353, 354, 355, 361 and
362
Journalism 205, 221, 225, 226, 295, 318, 319, 322, 324,
338 and 397
2. 12 credits at the 200 level or above in one discipline,
subject to the approval of the department

In compliance with accreditation standards, students may
take more than 31 journalism credits as long as they will have
90 credits in the liberal arts offered for their degree
requirements. In addition up to six credits in the following
courses are exempt from the 31-credit limit: Journalism 203,
318, 322, 324, 335, 336 and 344."

MUSIC
"...4. Six additional credits chosen from...361, 362, 441-443"

PHYSICS
2. One of the following laboratory courses: Computer Science
251; Engineering 207,208,251; Physics 207,208"

POLITICS
"A major in politics leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires completion of at least 40 credits as follows:
1. Politics 100, 111, 190, 201, Economics 101 and 102
2. either Politics 101 or 104
3. 15 additional credits in politics, including at least three
credits from each of the following fields:
a. Political Philosophy: Politics 265, 266, 396
b. Comparative Government and International Relations:
Politics 214, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226 (Sociology 226),
260, 357, 380, 395
c. American Government: Politics 229, 230, 232, 233, 250,
330, 335, 340, 342, 350 (Sociology 350), 362 (Sociology
362), 397, 466
4. Six additional credits chosen from anthropology, economics,
psychology, or sociology."

PUBLIC POLICY
"A major in public policy leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires at least 42 credits as follows:

1. Economics 101, 102, 240, 250, Politics 100, 111, 230, and
232
2. Economics 201 (Management 201) or Politics 201
3. Three courses chosen from among the following or other
courses approved by the coordinator of the program:
Economics 203 (Management 203), 210, 341, 360, 390, Politics
203 (Journalism 203), 214, 229, 233, 260, 375 (Sociology
375)..."

RELIGION
"A major in religion leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree
requires completion of at least 37 credits in religion as
follows. A maximum of 15 credits at the 100-level may count
toward major requirements.
1. Religion 103, 282, 431
2. Religion 101 or 102; Religion 473 or 493 (3-3)
3. Religious Traditions: at least five courses chosen from the
following, with at least two courses in each of two areas
and one course in the third area:
a. Asian Religions Religion 107, 208, 218, 390
b. Christianity and American Religions Religion 110, 140,
150, 155, 201, 261, 280, 295, 381, 395
c. Islam and Judaism Religion 105, 204, 205, 206
(Literature in Translation 206), 225, 384
4. Methods and Issues in Religious Studies: at least one course
chosen from among Religion 200 (Sociology 200), 212
(Philosophy 212), 217, 221 (Sociology 221), 241, 350, 396
5. Six additional credits in religion"

ROMANCE LANGUAGES
"...3. Six credits in the second language as follows:
a. if French, French 261 and 262
b. if Spanish, three credits from Spanish 207 and 208 and
three additional credits chosen from Spanish 207, 208,
211 and 212"


Policy information:

Additions

(January 1996) various pages:
The phrase to be used in describing students taking credits
beyond a stated limit is as follows: "Credits taken in excess of
this limit will be treated as repeats of the earliest unrepeated
credits of this kind."

(December 1995) pages 51 and 101 of the 1995-96 catalog:
"Permission to substitute courses in major requirements may be
granted in exceptional circumstances by the department or
program committee through its head. Exceptions must be made in
writing from the department or program head to the University
Registrar."

(February/May 1995)
PROCEDURES FOR ACCOMMODATING DISABILITIES
i. It is the student's responsibility to bring to the attention
of the Dean of the College any qualifying disability.
ii. The student must present to the Dean of the College official
documentation and/or evidence regarding the disability. If
the disability is not diagnosed, the Dean will assist the
student, if requested, in scheduling an appointment at the
student's expense through the Learning Needs and Evaluation
Center at the University of Virginia or other appropriate
professional office.
iii. At the beginning of each term for which the student has
requested accommodation, the Dean of the College will
contact the student's instructors to explain the
University's policy and the requirements of the
Americans with Disabilities Act regarding "reasonable
accommodation."
iv. The faculty member will meet with the student at the
beginning of the course to explain course expectations and
to discuss accommodation of the diagnosed disability; during
the course, it is the student's responsibility to bring to
the instructor's attention problems in accommodation.
v. Disputes between the faculty member and the student
regarding accommodations should be directed to the Dean of
the College. A disputed grade in an accommodated course may
be appealed according to the procedure for appealing grades
described in the student and faculty handbooks.

(January 1995) UNIVERSITY POLICY ON HAZING

Washington and Lee University prohibits hazing by all
students and campus organizations. Hazing is defined as a
harassing, excessive task associated with initiation or
membership in an organization. The Interfraternity Council and
Panhellenic Council provide more detailed examples of hazing
that are prohibited in their respective by-laws. All students
and student organizations, fraternities and sororities included,
are subject to suspension or expulsion if found guilty of any
hazing which involves physical abuse, compelled consumption of
alcoholic beverages, or any situation which endangers health or
life. All Washington and Lee students and organizations are
subject to the Commonwealth of Virginia statute on hazing
[Virginia Code 18.2-56].

Violations of the University Policy on Hazing by a
fraternity or sorority will be reviewed by the Interfraternity
Council Judicial Board or the Panhellenic Judicial Board. If
the appropriate Judicial Board judges an incident to be serious,
the Board will refer the case to the Student Affairs Committee
along with a recommendation for expulsion, suspension, Critical
Probation, or no further action beyond the Board's sanctions.

Violations of the University Policy on Hazing by individual
student members of the Washington and Lee community will be
reviewed by the Student Conduct Committee. The Student Conduct
Committee will also review cases of alleged hazing by Washington
and Lee student organizations that are not a fraternity or a
sorority.

Interfraternity Council By-Laws
Hazing

All forms of hazing are strictly prohibited. A serious
incident, even as a first reported offense, is grounds for
suspension or expulsion of the chapter.

No initiation or pledge training activity shall constitute
any physical or emotional hazard to the individual. Such
potential hazards include alcohol abuse, dangerous physical
exertion or exhaustion, physical or emotional violence, paddling
and other types of abuse. No chapter will exercise jurisdiction
over pledges when such activity will hinder the pledges'
academic work in any manner.

No chapter shall violate the basic principle of good taste
in pledge activities. A chapter will not initiate any activity
that is detrimental to the reputation of the Washington and Lee
community. Each chapter should establish a carefully planned
pledge program designed to promote the positive benefits of
fraternity membership and to educate its pledges in the history,
traditions and ideals of the chapter, the fraternity and the
University. The pledge program must be submitted for approval
in written form to the Judicial Board prior to the start of
pledge activities.

Panhellenic Association By-Laws
Hazing

All forms of hazing, pledge day and/or pre-initiation
activities that are defined as hazing shall be banned.

Hazing is defined as any action taken or situation created,
intentionally, whether on or off fraternity premises, to produce
mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, harassment or
ridicule. Such activities and situations include creation of
excessive fatigue; physical and psychological shocks; wearing,
publicly, apparel that is conspicuous and not normally in good
taste; engaging in public stunts and jokes; morally degrading or
humiliating games and activities; late night sessions which
interfere with scholastic activities; and any other activities
that are not consistent with the regulations and policies of the
educational institution.

Faculty Resolution on Hazing, January 9, 1995

"Whereas, hazing demonstrates a lack of respect for human
dignity, and
Whereas, respect for the individual remains a cornerstone of the
Washington and Lee community,
Therefore, be it resolved
That this faculty reaffirms its conviction that hazing has
no place in a community that values individual dignity,
That such transgressions will continue to be prosecuted
vigorously, and
That our vote to adopt a revised statement of university
policy on hazing will reaffirm and strengthen the
faculty's right and responsibility to do so."

Revisions

Revise the faculty policy on dropping from an overload (page 54
of the catalog under 2.B.) (October 1995 - effective
immediately).

"If students are enrolled in courses totalling 15 or more
credits and if their success is endangered by the extra
work, the overload may be reduced or eliminated upon the
recommendation of the adviser and approval of the instructor
and the appropriate dean without a recorded grade, provided
the reduction is made on or before the mid-point of the
term."

Revise the Faculty Policy Concerning Student Discipline (pages
63 and 64) to remove section 4.

Replace the current University Policy Statement on Drugs (pages
64 and 65) with the following policy. (October 1995 - effective
January 1, 1996)

" UNIVERSITY POLICY ON ILLEGAL DRUGS/CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Washington and Lee University supports the Commonwealth of
Virginia and federal laws on the possession, use, sale, or
transfer of illegal drugs/controlled substances. It is the
responsibility of all members of the University community to
abide by these laws. A fundamental principle of the Washington
and Lee University Policy on Illegal Drugs/Controlled Substances
is that students are adults who are personally responsible for
conforming their behavior to federal, state and local laws and
University policy.

The Washington and Lee campus is not a sanctuary and
University authorities will cooperate fully with law enforcement
agencies in support of drug laws. Drug use is illegal and has
no place at Washington and Lee.
Through the appropriate University administrative offices,
committees and organizations, Washington and Lee University will
conduct an on-going educational program to acquaint students
with the Commonwealth of Virginia laws on drugs, with the health
dangers of drug abuse, and with the medical and counseling
resources available for students. The educational program will
also include efforts to promote personal responsibility and
accountability.

A student who violates the Washington and Lee University
prohibition against illegal drugs will be referred to the
Student Conduct Committee under the following judicial
procedures:

Possession/Use - Direct referral to the Student Conduct
Committee.
Sale - Direct referral to the Student Conduct Committee with
the recommendation that the student be suspended
immediately from the University.
Arrest - When a student is arrested for violation of drug
laws, the Dean of Students will review the circumstances
of the case with the Chairman of the Student Conduct
Committee.
When the arrest is for possession/use, the case will be
referred to the Student Conduct Committee. The SCC
will take no action until the criminal proceeding,
including appeal, is finalized by either acquittal,
conviction, plea bargain or settlement, or
dropping of the charge.
When the arrest is for the sale of illegal drugs, the
student will be subject to immediate suspension from
the University by the SCC based on a recommendation
from the Dean of Students. If the student is not
suspended, the SCC will take no action until the
criminal proceeding, including appeal, is finalized
by either acquittal, conviction, plea bargain or
settlement, or dropping of the charge.

Removal from University Housing - If the student violates
University Drug Policy in University housing and is a
resident of University housing, the Dean of Freshmen/Director
of Residence Life may remove the student from housing without
refund. If the student resides in a University fraternity
and violates University Drug Policy in a fraternity house,
the House Corporation, in accordance with the Standards for
Fraternities, may remove the student from the house without
refund.

Readmission - If a student is suspended for a violation
of the University Policy on Drugs, consideration of
readmission to the University is through the Committee on the
Automatic Rule and Readmission. If the student is a law
student, readmission will be determined by the Dean of the
School of Law (or designee).

Referral
When a student is arrested for a violation of the laws on
illegal drugs/controlled substances or otherwise reported for
some incident related to the possession, or use of illegal
drugs/controlled substances, the Dean of Students (or
designee) shall meet with the student. If the Dean
determines that there may be personal problems related to
illegal drugs/controlled substances which need attention, or
if the student has been reported for a prior drug incident,
the Dean will refer the student to the University counseling
service for consultation in addition to applicable judicial
procedures."

Replace the current University Policy Statement on Alcohol
(pages 65 and 66) with the following policy. (October 1995 -
effective January 1, 1996)

" UNIVERSITY POLICY ON ALCOHOL
Washington and Lee University supports the Commonwealth
of Virginia laws on the licensing, distribution and
consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the responsibility
of all members of the University community to abide by those
laws. A fundamental principle of the Washington and Lee
University Policy on Alcohol is that students are adults who
are personally responsible for conforming their behavior to
state and local laws and University policy.

Washington and Lee Security cooperates with the Lexington
Police, the Rockbridge County Sheriff and the Virginia
Alcoholic Beverage Control Board to promote awareness of and
adherence to the alcohol laws.

Through the appropriate University administrative
offices, committees and organizations, Washington and Lee
University will conduct an on-going educational program to
acquaint students with the Commonwealth of Virginia laws on
alcohol, with the health dangers of alcohol abuse, and with
the medical and counseling resources available for students.
The educational program will also include efforts to promote
personal responsibility and accountability.

Residence Halls
Alcoholic beverages are prohibited in all of the freshman
dormitories. In the upperclass residence halls, students who
are 21 years of age or older may use and possess alcoholic
beverages in accordance with the Commonwealth of Virginia
laws.

Judicial
Violations of the University Policy on Alcohol will be
reviewed by the Dean of Students (or designee). Violations
by law students will be reviewed by the Dean of the School of
Law (or designee). Based on the circumstances of the
incident, the Dean (or designee) may refer the case to the
appropriate University judicial body.

Individuals - The Student Conduct Committee has
jurisdiction to review violations of the policy by
individual Washington and Lee students.
Residence Halls - Violations of the policy by individuals
living in University residence halls will be
initially handled by the Dorm Counselor/Resident
Assistant with referral to the Student Conduct
Committee if necessary.
Fraternities/Sororities - Violations of the policy by a
fraternity/sorority will be handled by the IFC
Judicial Board/Panhellenic Judicial Board.
Student Organizations - Violations of the policy by a
student organization that is not a fraternity or
sorority will be handled by the Student Conduct
Committee.

Referral
When a student is arrested for a violation of the
Commonwealth of Virginia laws on alcohol, or otherwise
reported for an incident related to alcohol use or abuse, the
Dean of Students (or designee) shall meet with the student.
If the Dean determines that there may be personal problems
related to alcohol which need attention, or if the student
has been reported for a prior alcohol incident, the Dean will
refer the student to the University counseling service for
consultation in addition to applicable judicial procedures."

Revise the requirements for standardized testing for
admission (December 1995).

page 32, Requirements for Admission

College Entrance Examinations: Washington and Lee
requires all candidates for admission to submit the
results of standardized college entrance examinations.
The test results of such examinations are but one of
several standards used in selecting freshmen. By
themselves, the results are not determinative, but
applicants may strengthen their credentials by making a
good showing.
Candidates may submit for consideration either the
test results from the American College Testing Program
(ACT) or the results of the Scholastic Assessment Test
(SAT-I). In addition, all candidates must submit three
different subject tests of the SAT-II, one of which must
be the SAT-II Writing Test.

Besides the SAT-II Writing Test, two tests chosen
from at least two of the following groups are required:
1. The natural sciences (biology, chemistry, or physics);
2. mathematics (level I or level II); 3. foreign
languages (French, German, Hebrew, Latin, Russian, or
Spanish); 4. history (American history and social studies
or European history and world culture).

page 33, Procedure

3. Take either the American College Testing Program
(ACT) or the College Board's Scholastic Assessment Test
(SAT-I). Also, take three SAT-II subject tests, if
possible no later than the June test date following the
junior year. Some Early Decision candidates may be unable
to sit for SAT-II subject tests prior to the senior year.
Their applications will be considered for an Early
Decision, but they must take the tests as quickly as
possible, certainly no later than January. One must be
the SAT-II Writing Test; the other two may be of each
applicant's choosing but must be in two different subject
areas.

Revise the policy regarding Advanced Placement credits (March
1995 - effective Fall 1995).

page 34, Advanced Placement - "...However, a score of '3'
is by no means a guarantee that credit will be granted.
Most departments require a minimum score of '4' or, in
the case of biology, English, history, and politics, '5',
before granting credit will be considered."

Revise the policy regarding awarding of credits through the
International Baccalaureate program (March 1995 - effective
Fall 1995).

page 34, International Baccalaureate - "Washington and
Lee University recognizes successful achievement of
students in the curriculum of the International
Baccalaureate Organization. Students who have earned
certificates or diplomas in this program may present
their credentials for consideration for the awarding of
advanced placement credit. Normally, credit will be
considered only in cases where a course has been studied
at the higher level and the student has been given an IB
grade of 5 or higher. The decisions for or against
awarding college credit will be made by the department
concerned on an individual basis.

Revise the list of courses satisfying the general education
requirement 4 in Fine Arts, History, Philosophy and Religion
(March 1995 - effective immediately).

page 75 - "a. Fine Arts - Classics 200, 287 and 288;
Medieval and Renaissance Studies 110; all art courses..."

Revise the list of courses satisfying the general education
requirement 5 in Science and Mathematics (December 1995).

page 75 - "5. a. Laboratory science courses
Biology 100, 111 or 112...
c. ...Biology 230, 235, 240..."

Revise the list of courses satisfying the general education
requirement 6 in Social Sciences (December 1995).

page 75 - "6. b. Politics 100, 101, 104, 111,
201, 203 (Jounrlaism 203) 214,
223"

Revise the policies regarding grades of Incomplete (April
1995 - effective immediately).

page 56, Grades, paragraph 1 - "I (Incomplete) signifies
that, due to some cause beyond the student's reasonable
control (e.g. illness, injury, incapacitation), the work
of the course has not been completed or the final
examination has been deferred. When the deficiency is
subsequently removed, the grade then attained is
substituted for I in the permanent record. (See also
paragraph 6 in this section.)"

page 57, Grades, paragraph 6 -
"a. To receive credit for a course in which an I grade
has been received, normally a student must remove
the deficiency within the first six weeks of the
next term. The I grade becomes an F after six weeks
unless the instructor grants additional time upon
written request of the student and so informs the
University Registrar. All I grades remaining one
calendar year after the date on which they were
recorded will automatically become F grades.
b. Students may not register if they have four or more
Incompletes on their record.
c. Students may not graduate with an I grade remaining
on their record unless there are extraordinary
circumstances satisfactory to the Committee on
Courses and Degrees."

Revise the policy regarding changing grades (April 1995 -
effective immediately).

page 56, Grades, new paragraph 8 - "8. Grades may be
changed after the end of a term at the written request of
an instructor only if the instructor discovers an error
in the original assignment, but in no case may a grade be
changed after one calendar year or after graduation
without the permission of the Committee on Courses and
Degrees."

Revise the standards for Dean's List and Honor Roll
designations (April 1995 - effective Fall 1995).

pages 58, Honor Roll - "The Honor Roll consists of those
students who, on the last preceding fall or winter term
report, have completed 12 or more credits including
work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point average
is 3.75 or above. The Honor Roll is published at the end
of the fall and winter terms."

page 59, Dean's List - "The Dean's List consists of those
students who, on the last preceding fall or winter term
report, have completed 12 or more credits including
work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point average
is 3.4 or above, with no grade lower than C (2.0) and
whose cumulative grade-point average is 2.0 or better."

Revise the summer school policy (April 1995 - effective
immediately).

page 52, 10. Summer School Credit - "B. A maximum of four
courses, not to exceed 14 credits, of summer school work
may be offered. This total of four courses may be
comprised of any combination of the following: (1) Free
electives, up to four courses (14 credits)..."


Deletions



Miscellaneous information:

page 12 John William Elrod has been elected Washington and
Lee University's 22nd president, effective July 1,
1995.

pages 29, 164 University-Rockbridge Symphony Orchestra
renamed to University-Shenandoah Symphony
Orchestra

pages 87-88 approved formal institutional affiliation with
the Advanced Studies in England program