ABOUT THIS BOOK

This catalogue issue of Washington and Lee University
presents essential information about the University - its
character, heritage, and objectives; its academic programs and
degree requirements; its student life and extracurricular
activities; its admissions requirements and procedures; its costs
and financial aid programs; its primary rules and regulations; its
campus and community setting; its facilities for helping students
plan their academic program wisely, reach maturity gracefully, and
choose careers properly.
It also contains, in detail, descriptions of the
University's courses of instruction, registration procedures, a
directory of its personnel and students, and other information used
primarily by students and their faculty advisers in planning
academic programs.
This book should enable prospective students to decide
whether or not Washington and Lee is the college for them, whether
they might qualify for admission, benefit from its programs, and
fulfill its high aspirations for their success in life.

Caution: The course offerings and requirements of Washington and
Lee University are under examination and revision continually. This
catalogue is not a contract; it merely presents the offerings and
requirements in effect at the time of publication and in no way
guarantees that the offerings and requirements will not change.

Note: Washington and Lee University does not discriminate on the
basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or
handicap in its educational programs and activities or with regard
to employment. Inquiries may be directed to the Director of
Personnel Services, Washington and Lee University, Lexington,
Virginia 24450.





AN INVITATION

Although a personal interview is not absolutely required in
the admissions procedure, it is highly recommended and all
prospective students and their parents are encouraged to visit
Washington and Lee University.
The best time for students to see the University is during
the spring of their junior year in secondary school or in the fall
of their senior year. Candidates should try to schedule their visit
on a weekday while the University is in session so they can meet
with students, tour the campus, and - most importantly - sit in on
a class. Only when current students are on the campus and classes
are being held can the interested visitor derive valid impressions
of the University's character, motivation, and sense of purpose.
During the school year, the Admissions Office in the Gilliam
House is open from 8:30 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. on weekdays and until
noon on Saturdays. During the summer, the office is open from 8:30
a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on weekdays and closed all day on Saturdays.
Interviews, campus tours, class visits and discussions with
professors can be arranged between 9:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. on
weekdays, Monday through Friday. Visitors are requested to write or
telephone the Admissions Office at least two weeks in advance of
their visit so time may be reserved for them.
All correspondence pertaining to admissions should be
addressed to:
Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, Virginia 24450
Telephone: (703) 463-8710



GENERAL INFORMATION

HERITAGE

Washington and Lee University's rich historical heritage is
embodied in the very name it bears today. It is an institution that
has been touched and shaped by major men and moments in American
history.
In 1749, Scotch-Irish pioneers who had migrated deep into
the Valley of Virginia founded a small classical school called
Augusta Academy, some 20 miles north of what is now Lexington. In
1776, the trustees, fired by patriotism, changed the name of the
school to Liberty Hall. Four years later the school was moved to
the vicinity of Lexington, where in 1782 it was chartered as
Liberty Hall Academy by the Virginia legislature and empowered to
grant degrees. A limestone building, erected in 1793 on the crest
of a ridge overlooking Lexington, burned in 1803, though its ruins
are preserved today as a symbol of the institution's honored past.
In 1796, George Washington saved the school from possible
oblivion, giving the school an endowment gift valued at $50,000 -
at that time the largest gift ever made to a private educational
institution in America. This gift remains a part of the
University's endowment, and income has exceeded $500,000. Thus all
Washington and Lee students can say that Washington's gift helps
pay a part of the cost of their education every year.
In 1798, the trustees expressed their gratitude to
Washington by changing the name of the school first to Washington
Academy and later to Washington College. By then, the college was
established on its present grounds. Additional endowment was
provided by the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati and from the
estate of John Robinson. These gifts, added to Washington's, formed
the principal financial foundation of the college until the
presidency of Robert E. Lee.
In 1865, the trustees offered the presidency to General Lee,
an offer he initially hesitated to accept, fearing his name,
inevitably linked in the world's mind with the lost Confederate
cause, might well prove an embarrassment to the college in a time
of bitter factionalism. On the repeated urging of the trustees and
after turning down many offers of high positions, both at home and
abroad, Lee accepted the presidency of Washington College. In the
end his motivation had been simple - as simple as it was
characteristic: from this vantage point he would undertake his
final and most successful campaign, the revision of a college and
a curriculum dedicated to the spiritual and material reconstruction
of the South and, of equal importance to him, the reunification of
a divided and embittered people.
Lee was president for only five years, long enough,
nevertheless, to prove himself one of the most farsighted
educational statesmen of the 19th century. By greatly expanding the
range of instruction at Washington College, he transformed it into
a truly national institution, a place where young men of both North
and South could study together in harmony and unity.
Lee instituted a limited electives program while broadening
the science offerings. In 1866, he was instrumental in affiliating
the Lexington Law School with the college, and in 1870, the School
of Law became one of the regular divisions of the college. He
instituted programs in business instruction that led directly in
1906 to the establishment of the third major branch of the
University, the School of Commerce and Administration (renamed the
School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics in 1969). He
inaugurated courses in journalism, which developed by 1925 into The
School of Journalism which is now the Department of Journalism and
Mass Communications. These courses in business and journalism were
the first offered in colleges in the United States.
Because of his influence and the esteem in which he was held
throughout the nation, Lee was able to enlarge the financial
resources of the college. Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor of the
reaper and a native of the Lexington area, was among the first to
contribute. Other contributors included Warren Newcomb, a New
Orleans businessman; Thomas P. Scott, a former Assistant Secretary
of War under Lincoln; George Peabody, a Massachusetts
philanthropist; Henry Ward Beecher; and Samuel J. Tilden.
Lee died in October, 1870, and early the next year the name
of the institution was changed to that which it bears today:
Washington and Lee University. Also, in 1871, Lee's son, G. W.
Custis Lee, succeeded his father in the presidency and served for
26 years.
The development of the University quickened under succeeding
administrations and continues today. New buildings were erected and
old ones modernized. Standards of scholarship were raised, the
curriculum expanded and modernized, the faculty strengthened, and
the endowment increased. Indeed, with the exception of the World
War II years, which dislocated life on every American campus,
Washington and Lee's forward momentum has been maintained during
the 20th century.
Although Washington and Lee was historically an all-male
institution, the School of Law became coeducational in 1972. Then,
in July of 1984, the University's Board of Trustees completed a
comprehensive, year-long study by voting to extend coeducation to
the two undergraduate divisions. The first women undergraduates
enrolled in the fall of 1985.
Since the incorporation of the institution in 1782, its
presidents have been: William Graham (1782-1796); Samuel Legrand
Campbell (1797-1799); George Addison Baxter (1799-1829); Louis
Marshall (1830-1834); Henry Vethake (1834-1836); Henry Ruffner
(1836-1848); George Junkin (1848-1861); Robert Edward Lee
(1865-1870); George Washington Custis Lee (1871-1897); William Lyne
Wilson (1897-1900); Henry St. George Tucker (Acting 1900-1901);
George Hutcheson Denny (1901-1911); Henry Donald Campbell and John
Lyle Campbell (Acting 1911-1912); Henry Louis Smith (1912-1929);
Robert Henry Tucker (Acting 1930); Francis Pendleton Gaines
(1930-1959); Fred Carrington Cole (1959-1967); William Webb Pusey
III (Acting 1967-1968); Robert Edward Royall Huntley (1968-1983);
John Delane Wilson (1983-1995 ). John William Elrod has been named
the 22nd president of Washington and Lee, effective July 1, 1995.

LOCATION

Washington and Lee is located in Lexington, Virginia, a
historic city of about 7,000 people in the central part of the
Great Valley of Virginia. The city is some 50 miles northeast of
Roanoke, 50 miles northwest of Lynchburg, and 36 miles southwest of
Staunton.
Lexington is just off Interstates 81 and 64 and at the
intersection of U.S. Highways 11 and 60. The Roanoke, Virginia,
airport which is served by US Air is about 45 minutes, via
Interstate 81, from Lexington. Washington, D.C., is approximately
three and one-half hours by automobile.

ACCREDITATION

Washington and Lee University is accredited by the
Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and
Schools. This accreditation covers all programs offered by the
University. In addition, the School of Commerce, Economics, and
Politics is accredited by the American Assembly of Collegiate
Schools of Business; the School of Law is a member of the
Association of American Law Schools and is approved by the American
Bar Association; the Department of Journalism and Mass
Communications is accredited by the American Council on Education
for Journalism; and the Department of Chemistry is accredited by
the American Chemical Society. The University is approved for
veterans' education by the Virginia Department of Education.

MISSION STATEMENT
(Approved May 1988)

Washington and Lee University has two preeminent objectives:
to dedicate all its resources to developing in its students the
capacity and desire to learn, to understand, and to share the
fruits of their intellectual growth, and to pursue its educational
mission in a climate of learning that stresses the importance of
the individual, personal honor and integrity, harmonious
relationships with others, and the responsibility to serve society
through the productive use of talent and training. Independent,
non-sectarian, and privately endowed, it comprises three divisions,
one graduate - the School of Law - and two undergraduate - the
College and the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. With
a rich heritage from the past and a history spanning more than two
centuries the University has a profound sense of tradition, but it
likewise has a firm commitment to the ideal embodied in its motto,
non incautus futuri, and therefore remains responsive to changes
and innovations that contribute to the realization of its aims.
Convinced that it helps to meet a vital need in American
higher education by offering undergraduate preparation in the arts
and sciences of the highest possible quality, Washington and Lee
provides a program that demands both broad exposure to the
principal areas of human knowledge and intensive exploration of a
single field or discipline. It requires competence in the use of
English and familiarity with a second language; appreciation of the
values of the human experience as derived from a study of the
liberal arts and the social sciences; mastery of the rudiments of
mathematical reasoning and understanding of the nature of
scientific inquiry; and, in keeping with the ancient idea of mens
sana in corpore sano, development of physical fitness and
dexterity. It further requires completion of a major, in one of
more than 30 subjects, designed to enable the student to explore in
depth a significant body of knowledge and to grow in mental
discipline and the capacity to deal with complex ideas and issues.
The curriculum as a whole is both broad and exceptionally open to
applied work, as in business, journalism, and engineering science.
Through the regimen of general and concentrated studies the
University seeks to encourage originality and creativity and to
nurture all the qualities of a liberally educated mind, among them
intellectual curiosity and unbiased judgment, critical and
analytical power, clarity of thought and precision of language,
patience and open-mindedness, and love of excellence and desire to
understand the world in which we live.
The University recognizes teaching as its central function.
It believes that the personal association of its students with a
highly qualified and motivated faculty holds the greatest promise
of inspiring in them a respect and thirst for knowledge that will
continue throughout their lives. It seeks, therefore, to organize
its instructional program in small classes and to encourage
personal attention and a close relationship between teacher and
student. It recognizes, too, that a faculty of eminent
teacher-scholars is essential to the achievement of its educational
purposes and to the success of its academic programs. Accordingly
it seeks to maintain a faculty of men and women who gladly accept
the challenge to teach effectively and whose scholarship and
professional development are vigorous and growing, and it endeavors
to compensate its teacher-scholars in ways appropriate to their
training, skill, experience, and effectiveness in aiding the
development of their students. Moreover, because it recognizes
research, scholarly investigation, and creative achievement as
proper companions to the most effective teaching processes,
Washington and Lee attempts to provide ways and means by which its
faculty members may pursue their scholarly and creative interests
and by which its students may be properly introduced to the tools,
techniques, and methodology used to increase knowledge and
understanding and stimulated to become involved themselves in the
process of generating knowledge.
Washington and Lee is selective in its enrollment of
students. It chooses young men and women with the highest qualities
of intellect, character, and the promise of future achievement, and
it seeks to create a student body that is geographically, socially,
and economically diverse but unified as "an aristocracy of talent."
It imposes no other barriers to admission. For all those qualified
to undertake its exacting degree programs the University seeks to
render whatever financial assistance may be needed for their
enrollment.
Through an effective program of self-government Washington
and Lee attempts to involve its students in responsible
participation in the affairs of the University. It grants
considerable autonomy to them in the governance of their own
affairs and the management of clubs and social organizations, and,
through such means as Omicron Delta Kappa, founded on the campus
and annually recognized at a University convocation, it seeks to
encourage the development of the capacity for leadership that
traditionally has been a distinguishing trait of Washington and Lee
graduates. More important still, it gives to the student body final
responsibility for the Honor System, which has been a powerful and
central force throughout the University from its very beginning
during the Lee presidency which rests on the fundamental principle
that a spirit of trust pervades all aspects of student life.
Finally, aware of the great men whose names it bears, the
University seeks to develop in its students the qualities of mind
and spirit they exemplified and demonstrated in their regard for
personal honor and integrity, for duty, for tolerance and humility,
and for self-sacrifice in behalf of their fellow citizens.
Because it believes that student activity outside the
classroom may contribute as much to self-fulfillment as that
inside, the University devotes a substantial part of its resources
to enhancing the intellectual and artistic life of the campus at
large and providing extensive athletic and recreational programs.
From both special and general endowments it funds a wide variety of
lectures by distinguished visiting speakers, and it supports a rich
array of programs and exhibits in music, drama, film, painting, and
sculpture. Insofar as its location and resources allow, it seeks to
establish itself as a center of intellect and culture extending
beyond the boundaries of its campus, bringing both direct and
indirect benefits to the surrounding community and providing a
series of summer programs that attract executives, business
families, rising high school seniors, elderly citizens, and alumni
from all parts of the country. In athletics it emphasizes the
development of the student-athlete and maintains a balanced program
in a broad range of both intercollegiate and intramural sports and
encourages the use of its recreational facilities for individual
and group exercise.
To determine how well it achieves its aims the University
engages in almost continuous self-examination. The Board of
Trustees regularly reviews through its standing committees the
policies governing the life of the University, modifying them when
there is good reason to do so. At the departmental level, course
offerings and major requirements are regularly reexamined for the
purpose of improving academic programs. Each year virtually every
aspect of the University comes under some form of review by
standing and ad hoc committees addressing various questions and
making recommendations, or by members of the faculty and
administration drafting grant proposals for financial assistance.
From alumni both individually and corporately in a board of
directors and regional chapters, come comments and suggestions for
further strengthening of the University. It is in these alumni, in
fact, and in their achievements, their loyalty, and their
generosity that the University finds the primary evidence of its
success in reaching its goals.

PHILOSOPHY AND CHARACTERISTICS

Washington and Lee's curriculum and co-curricular activities
are broad and flexible enough to enable students to realize their
personal goals and to lay the foundation for a useful and rewarding
life.
In the pursuit of these objectives, Washington and Lee, for
more than 10 generations of American history, has settled on what
it knows to be conditions of excellence. These conditions, listed
below, are those which have made Washington and Lee respected as a
place of learning, a place unique and apart in the national
educational scene.

Washington and Lee is small. While there is no virtue in
smallness itself, experience has shown that it does encourage close
personal relationships between students and professors and among
the students themselves. An atmosphere of friendliness and respect
prevails throughout the University. No student is lost in the crowd
or becomes a victim of "assembly-line" education.

Washington and Lee emphasizes personal honor and integrity.
No one attends the University without becoming aware of new
dimensions of honor and integrity. Accordingly, students are
given a large measure of freedom in governing their own affairs and
are represented by active membership on faculty committees. A
student committee is responsible for student disciplinary matters,
and students establish their own rules for the conduct of dormitory
life. The Honor System, which is probably the most enduring and
distinctive feature of student life, is administered entirely by
elected student officials. Students take examinations without
supervision; their word is respected. The same code of honor that
governs academic life guides personal life. Washington and Lee, in
the words of former President Huntley, "confidently entrusts the
largest possible measure of choice and freedom to its students and
its faculty, requiring conformity of no one, prizing an environment
in which tolerance, integrity, and respect for others tend to
prevent misidentifying independence of thought with lack of
self-discipline or humorless contempt."

Washington and Lee strives for intellectual distinction. Its
steady purpose is to be one of the nation's great "teaching"
colleges. Research is encouraged as part of the learning and
teaching process, not as a substitute for it, or for a way of
determining promotion or tenure of its faculty. Ideally, the
University believes, teaching and research cannot, and should not,
be separated. Washington and Lee fosters an academic community in
which both teachers and students constantly learn - in classrooms
and laboratories, in private research, in the informal
give-and-take of extemporaneous discussions. With access to
extensive collections of books, modern and sophisticated equipment,
and expert guidance, students have unusual opportunities for
research. Nonetheless, the teaching of undergraduates is the
primary function of the Washington and Lee faculty. In short, all
students are taught by professors, not by teaching assistants or
graduate students.

Washington and Lee maintains a strong faculty. A
significantly large number of the University's professors hold the
Ph.D. degree or equivalent earned doctoral degree, and all faculty
members are active in continuing self-development as scholars and
teachers. The retention of a faculty of the highest merit is given
priority. A recent report of the American Association of University
Professors on the comparative ranking of American colleges and
universities in average compensation of full-time faculty listed
Washington and Lee among the top schools of comparable size in the
country.

Washington and Lee emphasizes the liberal arts and sciences.
Whatever the particular goal of individual students may be, the
University constantly strives to extend their range of knowledge
and human understanding beyond the limits of their specialty.
Washington and Lee's curriculum stresses the humanities, natural
sciences, and social sciences and their relationship to
professional studies. The aim of the curriculum is to free the
mind, lead to understanding, create humility and tolerance, and
afford a basis for continuing study and learning. Under the
guidance of faculty advisers, students are given extensive freedom
in choosing courses of study. Breadth is the aim of the first two
years of work; mastery of a particular study is the aim of the work
of the junior and senior years. Students may also take part in one
of the University's special programs that span several academic
disciplines.

Washington and Lee enjoys freedom from outside control. The
University is a privately endowed institution, governed by a Board
of Trustees of 30 members. Free of any control of church or state,
the University is dedicated to the democratic form of social
organization, to the dignity of the individual, and to the ancient
freedoms, particularly to liberty of the mind with its attendant
right of inquiry. Hence, the University is free to chart its own
course, consistent with the highest educational standards, its
traditions, and its aims of service to mankind.

Washington and Lee is a national institution. Although the
University is located in the South, its student body represents
broad geographic, social and economic cross-sections of the nation.
The balance between students from various regions of the United
States remains fairly equal. The University seeks and admits
students of all racial, ethnic, educational, and religious
backgrounds striving to achieve economic and social diversity among
its students. The University has found that the size or type of
secondary schools students come from has little bearing on their
success at Washington and Lee, provided they are well prepared and
motivated. Economic backgrounds of students vary widely, and the
University is able to give financial assistance to nearly all
students with need.

ACADEMIC OBJECTIVES

Academic responsibilities come first at Washington and Lee.
Courses of study are arranged so that intelligent young men and
women who are willing to work - and to work hard - can prepare to
attain their goals, whatever those goals may be.
This is not to suggest that upon graduation their education
will be complete. But in their undergraduate years at Washington
and Lee, students should master much basic knowledge; they should
learn to think deliberately, critically, and analytically; they
should develop new powers of reasoning; they should learn where and
how to find answers to questions and to solve problems. As a
result, students should be prepared to go on to graduate or
professional school or to begin their life's work immediately. In
either case, they should acquire the tools of learning which will
serve them and sustain them throughout life. Generations of
successful Washington and Lee graduates attest to this fact, for
they may be found in positions of leadership in all phases of human
endeavor.

THE COLLEGE

The College is the division of the University that includes
the freshman year and advanced work in the humanities, natural
sciences, mathematics and computer science, and in certain social
sciences (psychology, sociology, and anthropology). The College
provides the essentials of a liberal education to all
undergraduates before they enter fields of specialization, and it
presents courses preliminary to professional training in such
fields as business, engineering, journalism, law, medicine,
ministry, and teaching. The College offers the Bachelor of Arts
degree, the Bachelor of Science degree, and the Bachelor of Science
degree with Special Attainments in Chemistry.
All students - whether they intend to pursue majors in the
College or in the School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics - are
enrolled in the College during their freshman year.

THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS

The School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics consists of
the Departments of Accounting, Economics, Management, and
Politics. The School offers the Bachelor of Science degree with
Special Attainments in Commerce and the Bachelor of Arts degree
with majors in economics, politics, or public policy.
Although each has its own faculty and is administered by its
own dean, there is a close relationship between the College and the
School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Students majoring in
the College often elect courses in the School of Commerce,
Economics, and Politics to fulfill certain requirements or to take
courses they particularly desire. In the same way, students in the
School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics frequently elect
courses in the College.

THE SCHOOL OF LAW

The School of Law, with its own dean and faculty, offers the
Juris Doctor degree, normally achieved in three years of
postgraduate work. The law curriculum is designed to acquaint
students with the basic principles of law and to train them in
legal analysis essential to successful practice of law. It is also
valuable to them in many other activities.
The University offers a 3-3 program under which a Washington
and Lee undergraduate student with exceptionally good credentials
may receive a B.A. degree or a B.S. degree with special attainments
in commerce in combination with first-year law studies.

THE JAMES G. LEYBURN LIBRARY

The James G. Leyburn Library, located directly behind
Washington Hall on the University's back campus, was completed in
1979. It has individual study carrels for more than 600 students,
31 locked studies for faculty doing research and students writing
honors theses, conference and seminar rooms, and a 100-person
auditorium for campus and community cultural events. The library
includes four departmental collections (chemistry, geology,
journalism and mass communications, and physics and engineering)
and a reading room in the School of Commerce, Economics, and
Politics.
The library's on-line information system, Annie, provides
access to materials in all formats in Leyburn Library, its
branches, and the Law Library. Annie is also the gateway to the
electronic resources available on the Internet. Students and
faculty have access to Annie from terminals located throughout the
libraries, workstations on the campus network, and dial-in access
from dorm rooms and off-campus locations. The library is a member
of the Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET) and uses the OCLC
national database for cataloging and interlibrary loan purposes.
The Leyburn Library is open 24 hours daily when classes are
in session. Individual reference assistance is available 60 hours
per week. In addition, the reference librarians lecture to specific
classes and teach research methods and bibliographical resources
in the following disciplines: art, biology, chemistry, East Asian
studies, economics, English, history, journalism and mass
communications, politics, Russian studies, sociology, and Spanish.
The Media Center provides a wide range of audiovisual services to
the University community. The Special Collections Department
includes rare books and manuscripts and the University archives,
with a collection emphasis on the history of the University and
Rockbridge County, of the Confederacy, and the settlement of the
Shenandoah Valley.

SPECIAL PROGRAMS

The University offers a variety of programs of exceptional
academic merit, intellectual stimulation, and practical value.
These programs include:
Honors majors
University Scholars Program
Robert E. Lee Undergraduate Research Program
Combined plan programs in engineering and in forestry and
environmental studies
Independent work and interdepartmental majors, including
cognitive science, Medieval and Renaissance studies, neuroscience,
and public policy
The Seven College EXCHANGE Consortium with area colleges
East Asian and Russian area study programs
Program in Society and the Professions: Studies in Applied
Ethics
Foreign study programs
Baccalaureate degree programs in combination with first-year
law studies
(The details of these programs will be found in the sections
on the College and the School of Commerce, Economics, and
Politics.)

SPECIAL FEATURES

Sciences: Washington and Lee's facilities for teaching and
research in the sciences include well-equipped classrooms and
laboratories for general instruction, special laboratories for
faculty and student research activities, departmental libraries,
and museums. Additional features include an observatory in physics,
a vivarium and greenhouse in biology, an instrumental analysis
laboratory in chemistry, and a seismograph and scanning electron
microscope with analytical capabilities in geology.
Currently under construction is a $21 million science center
that will provide expanded teaching and research spaces for the six
science departments, as well as a science library, shared
instrumentation rooms, an animal care facility, computer
laboratories, and University classrooms.
Many members of the science faculty participate in on-campus
research programs sponsored by the National Science Foundation and
other organizations. Undergraduates often assist professors in this
research, and students in the sciences are frequent participants in
the University's pioneering Robert E. Lee Research Program, which
provides funds for summer research.

The Arts: The Art Department offers a major with courses in
studio art and art history. It is housed in duPont Hall and Howe
Annex. The department has special accommodations for viewing its
collection of over 100,000 color slides of representative art.
Regular exhibitions of paintings, sculpture, prints, and
photographs are held in the gallery of duPont Hall.
The Music Department is also located in duPont Hall and
offers a comprehensive major. Courses in theory, composition, and
music history are offered as well as instruction in piano, voice,
strings, woodwinds and vocal and instrumental ensembles. Its
collection of some 4,000 recordings and facilities for listening
are located in the Anderson Music Room in duPont Hall. Through the
Concert Guild and Sonoklect, the annual new music festival, the
department makes numerous professional concerts available to the
University community each year.
The Theatre Department offers courses in all areas of
dramatic art as well as a major. Several productions a year by the
University Theatre not only utilize talent from the entire
University but also provide important laboratory experience for
theatre students. The department is located in the Lenfest Center
for the Performing Arts.
Art Collections: The University possesses major art
collections, including the Washington-Custis-Lee portraits, the
Vincent L. Bradford collection of 19th-century American paintings,
the Thomas F. Torrey, II collection of landscape paintings, the
Stan Kamen collection of western art, the Sydney and Frances Lewis
collection of 20th-century art, and the Jacob and Bernice Weinstein
collection of modern art. In 1967 the University received 4,000
ceramic objects from Mr. and Mrs. Euchlin D. Reeves, including an
important collection of 17th-, 18th-, and 19th-century Chinese
Export porcelain. This collection and the paintings of Mrs. Reeves
(Louise Herreshoff) are housed in a research and exhibition center
on campus. Recent additions to the art collections of the
University include Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ceramics, bronzes,
and jades on exhibit in the Watson Pavilion for Asian Arts which
opened in 1993.

Language Laboratory: This modern electronic audio-visual
learning center is used by all modern foreign language departments
and by other departments wishing to offer independent use of audio
or visual materials. The laboratory offers students and faculty an
ever increasing variety of current materials and the opportunity to
work with the newest electronic systems. The language lab is
available approximately 60 hours per week with 42 audio positions
in the Tandberg IS-10 lab. It is open for individual student use
and may also be used as an audiovisual classroom. The facility is
further enhanced by color graphic personal computers which offer
programs for students in Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Latin,
and Russian, and which may be additionally used for typing and
spell checking papers in French, German, and Spanish. There are
also eight Digital VT-220 online terminals in the language lab
which run drills and tests written by the foreign language faculty
for students in Chinese, French, German, and Spanish. Also
available for student use is the Apple IIGS computer which is used
primarily for tutorial assistance in German and Latin. The language
lab has Macintosh computers which are used for word processing in
several languages, as well as for developing and executing video
interactive exercises with Pioneer 4200 laser disc players.
International satellite television is available for student
viewing, and in particular, students have access to television news
broadcasts in 38 languages via the SCOLA (Satellite Communications
for Learning) network.

Journalism and Mass Communications: The Lee Memorial
Journalism Foundation was established at Washington and Lee in 1925
through an endowment inaugurated by the Southern Newspaper
Publishers Association. The foundation honored General Lee because
of his interest in promoting college-level instruction in
journalism. Its successor, the Department of Journalism and Mass
Communications, is accredited by the Accrediting Council for
Journalism and Mass Communications. The department supervises the
operation of WLUR-FM, the campus radio station, and Cable 2, a
television studio and control room used as a laboratory for
television courses.

UNIVERSITY COMPUTING

The University's central academic computers, its numerous
microcomputers, and the network that links all academic computing
resources are available to students and professors for
instructional and research purposes and for independent study and
self education. Computing based on sharing the use of one central
"mainframe" is no longer a model that describes academic computing
at Washington and Lee. Instead, diverse computing resources in
every corner of the University are linked by a high-speed network
making them available to the users who need them. The major
programming languages, electronic mail systems, powerful
statistical packages, electronic spreadsheets and databases, and
sophisticated document-preparation programs are present in this
environment. These tools are available to everyone in the
University community and complement other, discipline-specific uses
of computers, like vocabulary drills in language instruction,
financial models in commerce, finite element packages in chemistry,
or legal reference services in law. The University network links
not only its academic computing resources but also the on-line
catalog of its libraries, and an increasing proportion of library
resources in electronic form, both at W&L and elsewhere. Students
and faculty can also exchange computer mail, files, information,
and access with thousands of locations on the global Internet.
General instruction in computing applications is supported by the
Academic Computing staff, whose mission is to facilitate open and
productive use of information technology.

SHENANDOAH

Since 1950, the University has published Shenandoah: The
Washington and Lee University Review. Starting as a folio
publication, Shenandoah's initial issues were edited by students,
with faculty members acting in an advisory capacity. Among the
young men who founded the magazine and contributed to its pages
were Tom Wolfe and William Hoffman, who have taken their places
among the best writers in the nation. Early contributors to
Shenandoah also included e. e. cummings, Arnold Toynbee, Caroline
Gordon, G. S. Fraser, and W. H. Auden.
Since its illustrious beginning, Shenandoah has increased
in size and circulation to become the 120-page international
literary quarterly it is today. Its reputation for high-quality
fiction, poetry and essays from new and established writers
continues to attract the best talent in the world. The work of
people such as James Dickey, Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty,
Daniel Hoffman, Robert Lowell and Seamus Heaney have routinely
graced its pages, and its fiction and poetry are annually selected
for inclusion in award volumes, including The Pushcart Prize, The
O. Henry Awards, and The Best American Essays.
Shenandoah offers three annual awards: The Jeanne Charpiot
Goodheart Prize for Fiction, The Thomas H. Carter Prize for the
Essay, and The James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry.

LECTURES AND CONFERENCES

Throughout the year, many important lectures, readings, and
panel discussions are presented on both scholarly topics and issues
current in public life. Visiting speakers often remain on campus
for a day or two, sometimes longer, meeting with students in
classes, in small groups, and at meals for face-to-face exchanges
of ideas. Many of these talks and programs are endowed, including
the following:

The Phi Beta Kappa-Society of the Cincinnati Lecture: Recent
lecturers have included Robert Nozick, professor of philosophy at
Harvard University; Marvin Henberg, '70, director of the honors
program at the University of Idaho; and John McCardell, '71,
President of Middlebury College.

The ODK-Founders' Day Lecture: Held on or about January 19,
the Founders's Day assembly is traditionally addressed by the
president of the University.

The Tucker Lecture: This lecture was named for the late John
Randolph Tucker, dean of the School of Law, president of the
American Bar Association, and member of Congress. The inaugural
lecture was delivered by the late Hon. John W. Davis, 1892, 1895L.
Since its establishment by the Board of Trus-tees in 1949, the
annual lecture has been given by notable judges, academics, and
members of the bar throughout the nation.

The Glasgow Endowment: Established in 1960 by the late
Arthur G. Glasgow, the program has brought to Washington and Lee
many distinguished novelists, poets, dramatists, and critics.
Recent Glasgow speakers have included Robertson Davies, William
Styron, Willie Morris, Shelby Hearon, Peter Carey, John Updike,
Rita Dove, Reynolds Price and Margaret Gibson.

The Philip Fullerton Howerton Fund for Special Programs in
the Department of Religion: The Howerton Fund sponsors a broad
array of events and activities treating the relevance of Christian
faith to contemporary culture and life, most often through visiting
lecturers, conferences, and course supplements. Among the eight
speakers sponsored during 1993-94 are Holmes Rolston, III,
philosophy, Colorado State University; David Hollenbach, S.J.,
social ethics, Boston College; James M. Gustafson, theological
ethics, Emory University; and Neville Richardson, theology,
University of Natal, South Africa, who was also a Howerton visiting
professor in 1987-88.

The Shannon-Clark Lecture in English: Established in 1982,
the program was named in honor of both a longtime head of the
University's English department and a relative of the donor. The
inaugural lecture was delivered by Edgar F. Shannon, Jr., '39, the
son of one of the honorees, former president of the University of
Virginia, and a Trustee Emeritus of Washington and Lee. Recent
Shannon-Clark Lecturers have included Jane Tompkins, Denis
Donoghue, Elizabeth D. Kirk, and J. Hillis Miller.

The Telford Lectures: Recent distinguished Telford lecturers
have included Oscar Arias, former president of Costa Rica; Jimmy
Carter, former president of the United States; and Shelby Foote,
Civil War historian and novelist.

The Elizabeth Lewis Otey Lectures: Designed to bring to
campus women of outstanding achievement, this series of lectures
was inaugurated in 1987 by Rep. Patricia Schroeder (D-Col). Other
Otey lecturers have included Elaine Showalter, Eleanor Holmes
Norton, the Hon. Sandra Day O'Connor, and Susan Stamberg.

Departmental Lecturers: About two dozen speakers are brought
to campus each year by various departments. Recent speakers, who
have addressed audiences large and small, include Virginia Trimble,
astrophysics; Luis Ortega, history; Horst Kaspar, German; Alexei
Yablokov, politics; Hoyt Duggan, English; Dorothy Gillespie, art;
John Dahlburg, journalism; William Ridley, chemistry; Lin Yutang,
religion; Maryna Albert, Russian studies; Lena Kolarska-Bobinska,
sociology; Frank Morgan, math; Kim Bruce, computer science; Joan
Harkness, romance languages; and Mark Morford, classics.

Contact: This program is financed and administered by the
student body through a committee representing a wide variety of
student interests and perspectives. Contact strives to sponsor
prominent speakers who address important contemporary issues in the
United States and world-wide. Recent events have included a panel
discussion on U.S. policy in Somalia, a debate on reproductive
rights in the '90s, and a debate on drug laws; speakers have
included Phyllis Schafley, Karel Dyba, Faye Wattleton, Richard
Cheney, James Farmer, and Ron Chernow.

Minority Student Association: Notable speakers brought to
the campus have included Nikki Giovanni, poet and professor at
Virginia Technical University; Hosea Williams, Atlanta city
councilman; Dr. C. T. Vivian, ordained Baptist minister and an
international authority on human rights; Noel Taylor, retired mayor
of Roanoke, Va.; Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, MacArthur associate
professor at Colby College; and James Farmer, noted civil rights
leader and author.

MOCK CONVENTION

Washington and Lee's famous Mock Convention is held in the
spring of every presidential-election year. The entire student body
participates in this political exercise aimed at choosing the
presidential candidate of the party out of power in the White
House. The Mock Convention has achieved a remarkable record of
accuracy and is considered to be the most realistic event of its
kind in the nation. Every student has an opportunity to participate
in at least one Mock Convention during a four-year career at
Washington and Lee. The next Mock Convention is planned for March
1996.

MILITARY PROGRAMS

Military opportunities for Washington and Lee students
include participation in the Nuclear Power Officers' Candidate
Program, Seaman/Airman Program and the Ready Mariners Program
sponsored by the U.S. Navy and the Marine Corps Platoon Leaders
Class sponsored by the U.S. Marine Corps. Further information on
these programs may be obtained by contacting the local Navy and
Marine recruiters.

CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND PLACEMENT

The Career Development and Placement Office provides full
career services to assist students in planning their futures.
Available to students from freshman through senior year, these
services include career counseling, testing, and assessment; advice
about graduate and professional schools; guidance in selecting
academic majors and establishing career goals; direction in seeking
and applying for internships; job search training and advice; a
credentials service; on-campus recruitment and vacancy listings;
and an alumni network offering career assistance.
Various nationally recognized companies and agencies recruit
on campus to fill full-time positions and internship opportunities.
Through the Selective Liberal Arts Consortium, Washington and Lee
seniors are chosen for employment interviews conducted each January
in Atlanta, Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San
Francisco, and Washington, D.C. A series of workshops prepare
students for a systematic job search: resume and cover letter
preparation, interviewing training, practice interviews, and resume
critique sessions. Additional workshops are designed to assist
students in the process of identifying a career direction. Career
awareness is enhanced by the availability of the career library,
career presentations, and the alumni advisory network. The
newsletter W&L Careers is published throughout the academic year.
Students seeking assistance with career concerns may arrange
to meet with the appropriate staff member of the Career Development
and Placement Office, which is located in the Mattingly House.

ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE HANDICAPPED

Washington and Lee's academic and other programs are made
fully available to handicapped students. The University's newest
buildings - law school, library, gymnasium, Gaines Residence Hall,
and commerce school - are accessible to the handicapped as are some
of the older buildings including the dormitories, dining hall, and
art gallery. The University is systematically carrying out a plan
to make other areas of the campus similarly accessible. Washington
and Lee seeks to treat each handicapped student as an individual,
and when necessary adapts schedules, changes class locations, and
makes other arrangements to accommodate the handicapped student's
curricular program.

LEARNING DISABILITIES

The University will make reasonable academic accommodations
to otherwise qualified individuals with a handicap when evidence of
the handicap is supported by the appropriate diagnostic testing.
Where possible, instructors will make adjustments in course formats
and pedagogical methods to offset the special problems of these
students. It is the individual's responsibility to bring to the
attention of the University the need for reasonable academic
accommodation due to a qualifying disability. Where there is
evidence that a student may be handicapped by a learning
disability, the University may make arrangements for diagnostic
testing at the student's expense through the Office of the Dean of
the College.


THE CAMPUS

The Washington and Lee campus is renowned for its beauty,
charm, and historical significance. In 1972, the front campus was
designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of
Interior, only the third college campus in the country to be so
designated. The main campus consists of approximately 50 acres. In
addition, there are about 40 acres of playing fields, 215 acres of
unimproved land, and 17 acres in various sections of Lexington.
The Washington College Group comprises the three oldest
buildings on the campus: Washington Hall, Robinson Hall, and Payne
Hall. These three buildings together with Newcomb Hall and Tucker
Hall, general academic buildings, form the Colonnade, one of the
University's most picturesque features.
Lee Chapel, constructed under President Lee's supervision,
faces the Colonnade. Its auditorium seats approximately 600
persons. The Chapel was completely restored in 1962-63 and has been
designated a National Historic Landmark. General Lee and many
members of his family are buried in the Chapel.
Other principal buildings on the front campus are the
President's House, also built to Lee's specifications, four
antebellum houses (including the Lee-Jackson House, a faculty
residence, the Morris House, the University's guest house and
seminar/reception center, the Reeves Center for Research and
Exhibition of Porcelain and Paintings, and the Gilliam Admissions
House) and the Alumni House, a former faculty house renovated
through the contributions of alumni.
A recent addition to the front campus is the Watson Pavilion
for Asian Arts, which exhibits collections of Chinese, Japanese,
and Korean ceramics given or on loan to the University.
Buildings on the back-campus mall include the home of the
School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, the Leyburn Library,
duPont Hall, Howe Hall, Parmly Hall, and Reid Hall.
Construction is presently underway for a new science center,
to be completed in 1996, that will physically join the two existing
science facilities.
The Graham-Lees Freshman Dormitory is located near the
University Store, which contains a supply store, bookstore, and
snack bar.
Nearby is another freshman dormitory complex including the
Frank J. Gilliam Dormitory, Newton D. Baker Dormitory and John W.
Davis Dormitory. Adjacent to those dormitories is the Francis P.
Gaines Residence Hall. Woods Creek Apartments, located on the back
campus, provide additional housing.
Across Nelson Street from Gaines Hall is the Lenfest Center
for the Performing Arts, which was completed in 1991.
Letitia Pate Evans Dining Hall is adjacent to the dormitory
complex and is connected to the Early-Fielding University Center,
containing facilities for student organizations and recreation.
Lewis Hall, on the northern edge of the campus, houses the
School of Law which contains the Lewis F. Powell archives.
Athletic and physical education facilities include Doremus
Gymnasium, Jonathan Westervelt Warner Athletic Center, Wilson
Field, Alumni Field, and Smith Field, and other athletic
facilities, including over a dozen tennis courts.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Washington and Lee is fortunate in its natural surroundings.
The environment is primarily rural, and Lexington remains
remarkably free from the problems associated with highly
industrialized and urbanized areas.
In 1805, a Washington Academy professor, surveying the
countryside from atop the college building, exclaimed: "If this
scene were set down in the middle of Europe, the whole continent
would flock to see it!" More recently, the English poet John
Drinkwater said Washington and Lee's setting was the most beautiful
of any college in America.
Washington and Lee people become quickly at ease with their
surroundings - the mountains, the rivers and lakes, the forests.
Goshen Pass, where one can picnic or study on the banks of the
beautiful Maury River - or swim in it, or sun on a rock in its
middle - is a favorite student retreat. The Pass is a half hour's
drive from the campus. But the Maury offers other opportunities for
swimming and fishing within walking distance of the campus.
Other nearby recreational areas include Sherando and Cave
Mountain Lakes, both administered by the U.S. Forest Service, and
several state parks. The Blue Ridge Parkway, noted for its scenic
beauty and breath-taking panoramas, is nearby. Skiing facilities
are available within easy driving distance. The George Washington
and Jefferson National Forests surround Lexington and guarantee
that this priceless environment will be preserved.
Just west of Lexington, House Mountain stands with its
striking twin ridges in the midst of rolling countryside. It is a
popular hiking area for Washington and Lee students. Deer, bears,
turkeys, birds and other game are plentiful in hunting season, and
fish are abundant in the many streams in the area.
With an altitude of 1,100 feet, Lexington enjoys a varied
and delightful climate. Summers are comfortable, and there is
frequent snow in winter.
Washington and Lee students regard this remarkable and
pleasurable environment - and the broad opportunities to develop
a close relationship with it - as one of the many advantages of
Washington and Lee University.