REGISTRATION

Faculty members are available for consultation and advice
in the planning of a student's academic program, and special
attention is given to freshmen in September. However, all students
are expected to give thoughtful consideration to the selection of
courses before consulting their faculty adviser; further,
individual students assume full responsibility for compliance with
all academic requirements.
Students in the College and in the Williams School are
subject to the following rules and procedures concerning
registration for courses:
1. Current students who plan to return in September are
required to register for the fall term during early May at times to
be announced. Registration for the winter and spring terms will be
accomplished at times specified during November and February.
2. A student is subject to fees of $25 for failure to
comply with the stated registration schedule and $25 for failure to
comply with the stated matriculation schedule. These are in
addition to any other fee, and each failure to comply shall subject
the student to a separate fee. The schedule of
registration/matriculation for the opening of the academic year is
indicated in the calendar (see last page).
After the drop/add period, the late registration fee is
increased to $50. Students who do not register by midterm,
regardless of reason, will be automatically withdrawn from W&L. If
they subsequently can demonstrate extenuating circumstances, they
may apply for readmission and may petition the Faculty Executive
Committee for permission to submit a late registration.
3. Students with unpaid financial obligations to the
University will not be permitted to register or matriculate for any
term of any academic year. They are still responsible for paying
appropriate fees as outlined above.

CHANGES IN CATALOGUE INFORMATION

Caution: The course offerings and requirements of Washington and
Lee University are under continual examination and revision. This
catalogue is not a contract; it merely presents the offerings and
requirements in effect at the time of publication and in no way
guarantees that the offerings and requirements will not change. The
University specifically reserves the right to change requirements
for any major during any particular year.
Whenever changes in course offerings or requirements occur,
students will be notified by a posting outside the Office of the
University Registrar. The individual student assumes full
responsibility for compliance with all academic requirements.
Current course offerings may be obtained from the appropriate
department. Current major and degree requirements may be obtained
from the University Registrar, the Dean of the College, the Dean of
the Ernest Williams II School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics,
or from the head of the appropriate department.


GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Students enrolled in either the College or the Williams
School must conform to a number of general requirements for degrees
and to related regulations. The Board of Trustees awards degrees
upon the recommendation of the faculty.
1. Requirements for Degree: A candidate for any
undergraduate degree must present a total of 121 credits. The above
requirement includes one credit (five courses) of 100- and
200-1evel work in physical education.
To graduate, a student must achieve at least the following
cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at
Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet
degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a
whole and in the major subject.
The "major" is defined as a group of required and/or
optional courses designated by a department or an individual and
subject to the approval of the Committee on Courses and Degrees. A
"group major" is one leading to a Bachelor of Science degree with
Special Attainments in Commerce. The "major subject" is the group
of courses within the specific discipline(s) named by the major and
submitted to satisfy degree requirements for the major (e.g.,
economics courses satisfying requirements of the economics major).
Permission to substitute courses in major requirements may
be granted in exceptional circumstances by the department or
program committee through its head.
2. Application: Applications for degrees must be filed
with the University Registrar on or before June 1, if the degree is
to be taken in December, and on or before October 1, if the degree
is to be taken in June. Late applications may be made only on
payment of a penalty fee of $25 and will not be accepted after
January 15 for June candidates.
3. Resident Study: Washington and Lee will confer a degree
only upon completion of a minimum of two years of resident study as
a full-time student including the three terms immediately preceding
a student's graduation. The Committee on Courses and Degrees may
make exceptions to this rule for educational reasons endorsed by a
student's major department or, in the case of a student with an
independent or interdepartmental major, for educational reasons
endorsed by a student's major adviser. The Committee may also make
exceptions to this rule to permit unsuccessful degree candidates to
complete their degree requirements by taking no more than two term
courses at another approved institution and by counting those
grades in their cumulative average at Washington and Lee. Courses
taken under such an exception during summer school are still
subject to the restrictions listed below under "Summer School
Credit." Except under the most unusual circumstances, June
graduates must be enrolled during the spring term of their senior
year.
4. Postponement or Withholding of Degree: In the case of
any student against whom the state has preferred criminal charges,
and for whom the University has not been able to complete
disciplinary procedures, the faculty may postpone a decision as to
whether a degree should be awarded. The Board of Trustees may also
postpone or withhold approval of a degree for any student charged
with or convicted of a drug-related felony.
5. Credits: The work of each course of study has an
assigned numerical credit value. The value of one credit is
equivalent in total time and effort to the semester hour.
6. Courses: A course is the minimum amount of work in a
given subject for which credit is granted. Each course is
indivisible and has a separate number and separate grade for each
term. A course extends through a single term, but successive term
courses may be so connected that no credit for one of them is given
until all are completed. Such "linked" courses are indicated by the
use of a connecting hyphen (e.g., 101-102). A student may not,
without permission of the department head, take any course which is
a specific prerequisite for a course which has already been passed.
Faculty members may require a previously registered student to drop
a class if the student misses the first class meeting of the term
without the prior approval of the instructor.
7. Grade-Point Average: A student's average grade is
expressed in terms of a grade-point average. For this computation,
there are assigned, respectively, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0 grade points for
each credit of work on which the grades A, B, C, D, E, and F are
recorded. For every unit of plus, .33 is added; for every unit of
minus, .33 is subtracted from the grade points. F+, I, and WIP
are not used in the grade-point average computation, since they are
only provisional grades. (The grade of F+ is used to record a
provisional failure on freshman mid-term reports.) The grade-point
average is the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of the grade
points by the total number of credits on work attempted. Work
attempted includes all courses for which the student was
registered, except for those from which the student was permitted
either to withdraw with no grade or for which he or she received
the grade P.
8. Pass/Fail Grade: After attaining sophomore standing a
student is permitted to take each term one elective course (not a
course used for the student's major or a course used to fulfill a
general education requirement) in which the grade of Pass or Fail
is given, to which no grade points are assigned. However, only 18
credits of such work may be offered toward satisfying graduation
requirements. A student receiving an F will receive no credit
toward the degree, but the F will be used in computing the term and
cumulative grade-point average. The student must complete a
Pass/Fail form and must obtain permission of the instructor in
order to take a course on a Pass/Fail basis. Changes to or from
this category are limited to the first week of a term during which
the class is scheduled to meet. No course may be repeated on a
Pass/Fail basis. A course for which the grade of P has been
received may not be repeated.
During the fall term (no later than midterm), freshmen will
be given the opportunity to elect that the composite grade for 1
credit which they will receive in physical education will be
recorded as a letter grade or as Pass/Fail. If Pass/Fail is
elected, it will in no way be regarded as a normal Pass/Fail grade
nor be subject to Pass/Fail rules except that the decision in this
regard is binding and no subsequent change is permitted.
9. Transfer of Credits: Credits for courses completed at
another institution with a grade of C (2.0) or higher may be
transferred to Washington and Lee and used as degree credit. Grades
for these courses, however, may not be transferred, and a student's
cumulative grade-point average will include only work attempted at
Washington and Lee. A student admitted as a transfer may receive no
more than 87 credits for work transferred. Such credits are
assigned at the discretion of the appropriate dean after consulting
with the appropriate department head. Only work comparable to that
at Washington and Lee in level, nature, and field may be accepted
for degree credit.
10. Summer School Credit: Students who have taken academic work
at Washington and Lee and who wish to offer toward a degree summer
school work taken subsequently at another institution must meet
certain conditions:
A. Verification that the college or university is a
four-year institution accredited by one of the six regional
accrediting agencies of the United States, is secured from the
appropriate dean. Approval of courses in accounting, economics,
management, and politics is secured from the Dean of the Williams
School. Approval of other courses is secured from heads of
departments offering the corresponding work at Washington and Lee
University. Approval for courses taken for credit at scientific
research laboratories and field stations may be granted at the
discretion of the department concerned.
In order to assure that students receive credit for summer
school courses, it is recommended that they seek the advice and
approval of the appropriate department head and dean before
enrolling for the courses. However, if students apply for credit
during the course or after it has been completed, they will be
given or denied credit on the basis of the criteria which would
have been applied to their request prior to taking the course. No
matter when approval is requested, students must submit
applications for approval on the proper form (obtainable from the
Office of the University Registrar).
B. A maximum of four courses, not to exceed 14
credits of summer school work may be offered. This total of four
courses may be comprised of any combination of the following:
(1) Free electives, up to four courses (14
credits).
(2) Two courses to satisfy general education
requirements or to be used as cognates may be taken for the first
time. No course may be taken for the first time in the major
subject or, in the Williams School, the major group.
(3) No more than two courses may be repeated.
C. If a course is repeated in summer school, the
previous grade will remain in the student's cumulative grade-point
average.
D. If the course taken at summer school is a
substitute for one term of a linked course here, and if the course
is offered in partial fulfillment of the requirements of general
education, no degree credit will be granted here until the student
has completed the remaining term of such course.
E. The credits earned during any summer session may
not exceed the number of weeks of the summer school session plus
one.
F. Permission will not be granted to take any course
which is a specific prerequisite for a course which has already
been passed.
G. It is the responsibility of the student to see
that the transcript is sent to the University Registrar, Washington
and Lee University. Credit for summer school courses will not be
transferred unless the transcript is received by December 1 of the
year in which the courses are taken.
H. If a student wishes to receive credit for courses
taken in a summer program abroad, the institution and the program
must be approved by the Foreign Study Committee and the applicant
by the appropriate dean. A student must have a cumulative
grade-point average of at least 2.0. Except in unusual
circumstances, approval by the Foreign Study Committee must be
given before the student undertakes summer study abroad in order to
receive credit.
11. Graduation with Distinction: The candidate for a degree
with distinction must satisfy the following grade-point average
requirements on all work attempted at Washington and Lee:
Grade-Point Averages
Cum laude 3.25
Magna cum laude 3.50
Summa cum laude 3.80



ACADEMIC REGULATIONS

The regulations set forth in the catalogue form the basis
for all academic performance; however, the regulations are subject
to change at the discretion of the faculty. Faculty members are
available for conference and advice, but the individual student
assumes full responsibility for compliance with all academic
requirements. (Please see "Changes in Catalogue Information," p.
50.)

ACADEMIC YEAR

The academic year is divided into two 12-week terms (fall
and winter) and one 6-week term (spring). (See Calendar.)

LIMITS OF WORK

1. Fall and Winter Terms
A. The minimum academic load for each student is 12
credits. Under exceptional circumstances, this requirement may be
modified by the appropriate dean to a minimum of 11 credits for
full-time status.
B. Permission to carry more than 14 credits of
academic work must be secured in advance from the appropriate dean.
This permission is not ordinarily granted unless during the last
12-week term of record, the student has passed all courses
attempted with a grade-point average of 2.0 or better.
2. Spring Term
A. The minimum academic load for each student is
three credits, and the maximum academic load for each student,
exclusive of physical education under the 300 level, is eight
credits.
B. Under exceptional circumstances, either of these
restrictions may be modified by the appropriate dean.
3. General
A. Each student who has not completed graduation
requirements must register as a full-time student for each term
enrolled, including the three terms preceding his or her
graduation. A student taking an unauthorized underload may be
required to withdraw from the University for the term in which the
underload is being taken, forfeiting all academic credit, tuition
and fees for that term. The student may apply for readmission for
the next term. Except under the most unusual circumstances, June
graduates must be enrolled during the spring term of their senior
year.
B. Note: In order to accumulate the total academic
credits required for graduation within four years, the student must
register for more than the minimum academic load in several terms.
Most students choose more than the minimum load during the spring
term.

CHANGE OF STUDY

1. Changes of classes and schedules are limited to the
first calendar week of the fall and winter terms and the first four
days of the spring term. No change in course of study is official
until the proper form, bearing the signatures of the instructor or
department head concerned and of the faculty adviser, has been
received and recorded by the University Registrar's office. Changes
involving only a switching of class sections must have departmental
approval but need not have the academic adviser's signature.
Faculty members may require a previously registered student
to drop a class if the student misses the first class meeting of
the term without the prior approval of the instructor. In such
cases the student is responsible for the appropriate forms and
fees. Students may add an extra course during the first three weeks
of the fall and winter terms if unusual circumstances exist, but
instructors may deny admission if late entrance will endanger
successful work in the course. Upon recommendation of a student's
academic adviser, discretionary adjustments for a freshman may be
permitted by the Dean of the College. Students who wish to make any
change after the time designated for making changes must petition
the Faculty Executive Committee.
2. After the period for changes outlined above, a grade
of F in the course will be entered on the students' records if the
work load is reduced for reasons other than those listed below:
A. If students drop a course, one which is not a
repeat, on the recommendation of a University physician or a member
of the University's counseling staff and with the approval of the
appropriate dean, they will receive no grade for that course.
Students dropping a repeated course under these circumstances will
have the original grade and credit, if any, reinstated.
B. If students are enrolled in courses totaling 15
or more credits and if their success is endangered by the extra
work, the overload may be reduced or eliminated upon the
recommendation of the adviser and approval of the instructor and
the appropriate dean without a recorded grade, provided the
reduction is made on or before the mid-point of the term. If a
reduction is made subsequently, a grade of F will be entered for
the courses dropped. During the spring term students carrying nine
or more credits may drop the extra work prior to the mid-point of
the term without penalty as outlined above so long as the work load
does not fall below six credits. Students dropping a course which
is being repeated will receive an F. (See "Repetition of Courses.")
3. Exceptions to these policies may only be granted by the
Faculty Executive Committee upon student petition and payment of
appropriate fees.

EXAMINATIONS

Final Examinations
1. Final examinations are given at the end of each term
in a period approved in advance by the faculty. Examinations are
given on each scheduled week day and the Saturday of the spring
term from 9:00 a.m. to noon and from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. All
fall and winter term Saturday examinations are given from 2:00 p.m.
to 5 p.m. (See the calendar for the days scheduled for
examinations.)
2. Distribution of the examinations will be the
responsibility of, and under the control of, each department.
Examinations will be placed in envelopes labeled with the names of
the students in the course and put in an appropriate departmental
depository. At each examination offering, the individual
administering the examinations of a department will distribute and
collect the examinations at some previously specified point.
3. Students will schedule their examinations by the
following procedure:
A. They will obtain from the University Registrar's
office a special examination envelope for each of their classes and
a schedule form.
B. They will prepare a schedule of their examinations
(on the form provided), supply the information requested at the top
of each envelope, and turn the examination envelope in to the
appropriate instructor at the first class meeting of the last week
of scheduled classes.
4. Failure to register prior to the first day of the
examination period may prevent a student from taking an
examination.
5. Any student may change the time scheduled for a final
examination with the advance approval of the professor concerned.
6. Each examination will be taken in a room or rooms
designated by the department concerned. (Assignment of rooms will
be cleared in advance with the University Registrar.) At the end of
the period the student will return both the examination and answers
to the departmental representative.
7. Any student late for an examination may not expect time
beyond the announced termination of the scheduled period.
8. No student should expect to have an examination graded
if it is turned in late, if it is turned in without the examination
questions, or if it is taken in other than the assigned room.
9. If special physical arrangements require the entire
class to be present at the same time, an instructor may request the
Executive Committee of the faculty at least a month in advance of
the beginning of the examination period to schedule an examination
for a specific period.
10. Students who fail to take any final examination shall
receive a grade of F in the course unless they are excused for
reasons deemed sufficient by the appropriate dean and the
instructor concerned. If they are excused they shall receive grade
I.
11. No instructor is at liberty to announce the result of any
final examination until the end of the examination period except in
the case of seniors in their final term; they may be given their
grades when they have completed their last examination.

Special Examinations

1. Special examinations are: (1) those given for seniors
(see "Deficiencies in the Senior Year"); (2) September
examinations; (3) any examinations to remove conditional failures,
whether taken in September, May, or with the next class; and (4)
any other examinations allowed by special action of the faculty.
2. September examinations are given at a specified time
during the opening week in September. These September examinations
are for removal of deficiencies by students with a grade of E. A
student wishing to take a September examination is required to
notify the University Registrar in writing prior to September 1.
3. May examinations are given at a specified time during
the second week of May for the removal of a grade of E incurred in
the fall or winter term of that year. This examination will not be
given if the course is being taught in the spring term. A student
wishing to take a May examination is required to notify the
University Registrar in writing prior to May 1.
4. For a special examination a fee of $25 is charged. If
the exam is necessitated by reasons beyond the control of the
student, the appropriate dean may waive this fee. The fee is
payable at the time the University Registrar receives notification
of the student's intention to take the examination. In the event
the student does not report for the examination or does not take
the examination after reporting for it, the fee is not refundable.
5. Students who have signified their intention to the
University Registrar to take a makeup examination in September or
in May to remove an E, and have paid the $25 fee, will receive an
F for the course if they fail to take the examination when
scheduled, unless they have a medical excuse from a University
physician or have notified the University Registrar at least one
week in advance that they will not take the examination.
6. Instructors are not free to give a special examination
until they receive authorization from the appropriate dean and the
University Registrar's receipt for the fee charged.
GRADES

1. A+, A, A- Superior
B+, B, B- Good
C +, C, C- Fair
D +, D, D- (Marginal) in a course indicates that the
recipient would be seriously handicapped in further study requiring
a knowledge of the material covered in this course.
E (Conditional Failure) represents a failure that may
be made up in accordance with regulations stated in the catalogue.
This grade may be assigned only when the student's class average
during the term is passing, but the grade on the student's final
examination is below passing. The E grade is not applicable to
courses taken on the Pass/Fail basis. (See 5 below for the rule
about removing the E grade.)
F (Failure) on a term report indicates unconditional
failure necessitating a repetition of the course in order to secure
credit. No course may be repeated on a Pass/Fail basis.
F + on a freshman mid-term report indicates that while
the average is below passing, there is a reasonable chance that it
may be raised to passing by the end of the term.
I (Incomplete) signifies that, due to some cause
beyond the student's reasonable control (e.g. illness, injury,
incapacitation), the work of the course has not been completed or
the final examination has been deferred. When the deficiency is
subsequently removed, the grade then attained is substituted for I
in the permanent record. (See also paragraph 6 in this section.)
WIP (Work-in-progress) indicates that the work of this
course is on-going as part of a senior thesis or honors thesis
only. When the work of the thesis is completed, the grade then
attained is substituted for all related WIPs in the permanent
record.
P (Passed) is assigned in courses which are taken on
a Pass/Fail basis. It indicates satisfactory completion of the
course (grade of D- or better) but is not used in computing
grade-point averages.
2. On work taken at Washington and Lee, no grade below D-
(the lowest passing grade) will fulfill any academic requirement.
And, unless a non-passing grade is removed according to the
procedure and within the limits specifically provided, the course
credits represented by a non-passing grade will be counted as work
attempted in calculating the cumulative grade-point average.
3. During any term, students may withdraw voluntarily from
the University only after receiving the approval of the appropriate
dean. Grades for these students will be assigned according to the
following guidelines:
A. No record of the grades shall be made if a student
withdraws from the University within three weeks after classes
begin in the fall and winter terms or within one week in the spring
term.
B. Medical withdrawal before the last two weeks of
class for any term will entitle students to receive grades of WP
or WF (Withdrew Passing or Withdrew Failing) as assigned by the
instructors concerned. Medical withdrawals must be attested to by
a physician and have the approval of the appropriate dean and
either the University physician or a member of the University's
counseling staff.
C. Medical withdrawal during the last two weeks of
class for any term will entitle students, upon obtaining the
appropriate approvals, to choose to receive an I grade in one or
more classes, and WP or WF in the remaining classes as assigned by
the instructors concerned.
D. Withdrawal for reasons other than medical will
result in students receiving either WP or WF grades as assigned by
the instructors concerned. Students withdrawing with a cumulative
grade-point average of 1.9 or lower shall fall under the Automatic
Rule and sever their connection with the University. (See
"Automatic Rule," page 59.)
E. The following notation will appear on all
transcripts: "WP (Withdrew Passing) and WF (Withdrew Failing)
indicate the student's work up to the time of withdrawal and are
not term grades."
4. Repetition of courses taken at Washington and Lee in
order to change the grade received is governed by the following
rules:
A. No course may be repeated Pass/Fail and no passing
grade or grade of F may be raised by re-examination, except as
provided for under "Deficiencies in the Senior Year."
B. After receiving a grade in the original course,
a student may not repeat that course after having passed another
course for which the original course is a specific prerequisite.
The first term of any linked course is regarded as a specific
prerequisite for the subsequent term.
C. Re-enrollment in a course at Washington and Lee
for which a grade has already been received immediately forfeits
the former grade and degree credit (if any) received and removes
the former credit from the category of "work attempted." The grade
received on repetition becomes the grade of record (i.e. used in
the calculation of all grade-point averages) although the original
grade remains on the student's transcript prefixed by R (e.g.
"RD-"). If the student drops the course before its completion, the
grade of record will be F and will be treated as any other grade
received in that term. Degree credit is awarded only once for any
course.
D. Only the first 12 credits of courses repeated will
result in a new grade replacing the original grade as grade of
record. If the student attempts the repetition of more than 12
credits, all grades beyond 12 credits will be grades of record and
computed in the grade-point average.
E. If a student repeats a course in summer school,
the previous grade will remain in the student's grade-point
average.
5. Grade E means a conditional failure. If an E is
received for one term of a linked course, the next term's work in
this course may be regarded, at the discretion of the instructor,
as an examination to remove the deficiency. Conditional failure
indicated by grade E may be made up by repetition of the course or
by passing a May or September examination during the following
academic year or passing the next regular examination with the
class. If then successful, the student is allowed credit for the
work of the term. If the student fails or is absent from the
examination without sufficient excuse (see "Special Examinations"),
the grade becomes F. No student who has received on a course the
grade E shall by subsequent examination receive a grade higher than
D (1.0), except after repetition of the course. Such grades will
appear on the transcript prefixed by E (e.g. "ED-").
6. A. To receive credit for a course in which an I
(Incomplete) grade has been received, normally a student must
remove the deficiency within the first six weeks of the next term.
The I grade becomes an F after six weeks unless the instructor
grants additional time upon written request of the student and so
informs the University Registrar in writing. All I grades remaining
one calendar year after the date on which they were recorded will
automatically become F grades.
B. Students may not register if they have four or
more Incompletes on their record.
C. Students may not graduate with an I grade
remaining on their record unless there are extraordinary
circumstances satisfactory to the Committee on Courses and Degrees.
7. To receive credit for a course in which a WIP has been
received, a student must complete the work of the thesis during the
next two terms. Additional time may be granted by the instructor on
written request of the student. If a WIP grade is not so removed,
the grade automatically becomes an F. Students may not graduate
with a WIP grade remaining on their record unless there are
extraordinary circumstances satisfactory to the Committee on
Courses and Degrees.
8. Grades may be changed after the end of a term at the
written request of an instructor only if the instructor discovers
an error in the original assignment, but in no case may a grade be
changed after one calendar year or after graduation without the
permission of the Committee on Courses and Degrees.

ADVANCED STANDING

Freshmen, at the discretion of the Dean of the College, may
be allowed to take University-administered examinations for college
credit on work done in approved secondary schools in mathematics or
foreign language. The conditions are as follows:
A. The work on which credit is desired must have been over
and above that represented by 16 full units in regular college
preparatory subjects, namely, English, history, a foreign language,
mathematics, natural and social sciences.
B. Students must have made superior grades in secondary
school, including in the course on which the examination is to be
taken.
C. Students must be pursuing and must pass, with a C (2.0)
grade or better, a course in the subject on which they seek an
examination.
D. The examination must be taken not later than four weeks
after the opening of the term during which they begin the advanced
college course referred to in C. above.

CREDIT FOR SERVICE IN THE ARMED FORCES

Students who have had two years of active service in the
armed forces are, upon completion of all other credits required for
a degree, given credit for the physical education requirement for
a degree; students who have had six months of active service are
given credit for one term toward the physical education requirement
for a degree.
Under the Reserve Officers Candidate program of the U.S.
Navy a student who completes the ROC-TWO summer course with grade
C (2.0) or better may be granted two elective credits. A student
who completes the summer programs for Platoon Leaders of the U.S.
Marine Corps may be granted four elective credits.

DEFICIENCIES IN THE SENIOR YEAR

1. At the discretion of the professor concerned, students
who received one and only one failing grade during the fall and
winter terms of their senior year and who, as a result of that
failure, are unable to graduate, may take a re-examination in that
course prior to May 15. The resultant course grade may be no higher
than D (1.0). Students who originally took the course in question
on a pass/fail basis will be given a letter grade no higher than D
(1.0) upon re-examination.
2. Students who fail a course in the spring term of their
graduating year are not permitted a re-examination during that
term. Such a student is entitled to a special examination during
the subsequent academic year on not more than two courses. Unless
enrolled as a student during the subsequent academic year, the
student taking such a re-examination is required to pay a special
fee of $25. The course grade upon re-examination cannot exceed D
(1.0). Students who originally took the course in question on a
pass/fail basis will be given a letter grade no higher than D (1.0)
upon re-examination.

CLASS STANDING

For purposes of registration, selection of courses, the
automatic rule, and listing in the catalogue, the following
definitions are given of class standing. The definitions apply for
the purposes specified only, and do not signify full standing or
the completion of University requirements.
1. A student obtains sophomore standing upon completion
of a full year of college residence.
2. A student obtains junior standing upon completion of
two full years of college residence.
3. A student obtains senior standing upon completion of
three full years of college residence.

REPORTS

Term reports, indicating grades in letters, are recorded on
the permanent record card, and a grade report for each student is
sent to that student's parent or guardian. During the fall and
winter terms mid-term reports are sent to parents or guardians of
freshmen but are not recorded.

TRANSCRIPTS

Official copies of Washington and Lee University
transcripts, bearing the University seal and the University
Registrar's signature, are sent by first-class mail directly to
schools or organizations upon the written request of the student or
alumnus/a. Upon written request, individuals may also receive
official copies of the transcript which are stamped "Official
Transcript - Issued to Student."
Unofficial copies, without seal or signature, are for the
personal or on-campus use of currently enrolled students only. They
may also be placed in the University placement file if so desired.
Transcripts and first-class postage are provided free of
charge as a service to students and alumni. Other methods of
delivery (e.g., overnight, etc.) are available on request and for
an additional charge. Facsimile ("fax") transcripts will not be
provided due to security, data transmission, and privacy
considerations.
Grades are recorded on undergraduate transcripts three times
each academic year - December, April, and June - and on law
transcripts twice each year - January and June. Normally
transcripts are mailed as soon as possible (usually within two
business days) though current students may request that transcripts
be held until present grades are recorded. No transcript will be
provided for students with overdue accounts or other financial
holds at the University.

HONOR ROLL

The Honor Roll consists of those students who, on the last
preceding fall or winter term report, have completed 12 or more
credits including work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point
average is 3.75 or above. The Honor Roll is published at the end of
the fall and winter terms.

DEAN'S LIST

The Dean's List consists of those students who, on the last
preceding fall or winter term report, have completed 12 or more
credits including work-in-progress (WIP) and whose term grade-point
average is 3.4 or above, with no grade lower than C (2.0) and whose
cumulative grade-point average is 2.0 or better.

CLASS ATTENDANCE

Participation in the work of a course is clearly a
precondition for a student's receiving credit in that course.
Because of the wide variety of courses and teaching methods at
Washington and Lee, the University recognizes that the nature of a
student's participation in the work of a course cannot be
prescribed on a University-wide basis. For this reason classroom
attendance is not a matter subject to regulation by the University.
Attendance in class and laboratory is rather a matter between the
student and the professor in that class or laboratory. Faculty
members may require a previously registered student to drop a class
if the student misses the first meeting of the term without the
prior approval of the instructor.

AUTOMATIC RULE AND ACADEMIC PROBATION

All students at Washington and Lee are expected to make
progress toward attaining their degrees. Their progress is judged
by the quality of their work as measured by their cumulative
grade-point averages. Failure to make the minimum progress as
defined on the following page will result in probation or in review
and action by the Committee on the Automatic Rule and Readmissions.

Automatic Rule

At the end of an academic year, students are suspended for
academic reasons under the Automatic Rule and thus sever their
connection with the University if the cumulative grade-point
average of all work attempted at Washington and Lee falls below the
following standards:
1. at the end of the freshman year - 1.5
2. at the end of the sophomore year - 1.6
3. at the end of the junior year - 1.8
4. at the end of the senior or any subsequent year - 1.9
Students withdrawing from the University during any term for
reasons other than medical and having a cumulative grade-point
average below 1.9 also fall under the Automatic Rule.
Application for immediate reinstatement for students falling
under the Automatic Rule may be made in writing to the Committee on
the Automatic Rule and Readmissions prior to its annual meetings in
December and June. Academic probation is required for any student
reinstated under the Automatic Rule. Immediate reinstatement is the
exception rather than the rule.
A student who has been suspended from the University under
the Automatic Rule and not immediately reinstated may apply for
readmission after a minimum absence of one year (see
"Readmission").

Academic Probation

At the end of any term which is not the completion of the
student's academic year, the student is placed on academic
probation for the following term if his or her cumulative
grade-point average of all work attempted at Washington and Lee
falls below that required for the class (see "Automatic Rule").
Students placed on academic probation are warned of their
precarious position and, as a result, are ineligible for
participation in more than one student extracurricular activity
during the period of their probation. Activities included are all
intercollegiate athletics for athletes and managers alike,
individual musical and theatrical organizations, editorial and
business staffs of publications, all elective and appointive
student positions, and intercollegiate debating. Probation
continues until the student attains, at any point during the
academic year, the required cumulative grade-point average for the
class.

LEAVE OF ABSENCE

Students not on academic probation may request a leave of
absence from the University for a specific reason and for a
specified period of time by petition to the Committee on the
Automatic Rule and Readmissions. The petition, presented on an
application form available from the Office of the Dean of the
College, must be received no later than three weeks prior to the
beginning of the term for which leave is requested. Students taking
courses elsewhere while on leave of absence should request advance
departmental approval for any course to be used for major or
general education requirements.

WITHDRAWAL

Students who voluntarily withdraw sever their connection
with the University. Withdrawal during a term must be accomplished
through an appropriate dean and will have an effect on academic
grades and credits (see "Grades"), on refund of appropriate fees
(see "Refunds Due to Withdrawal"), and on access to University
housing or other facilities. Students not returning for a
subsequent term will be considered to have voluntarily withdrawn.
A student taking an unauthorized underload may be required
to withdraw from the University for the term in which the underload
is being taken, forfeiting all academic credit, tuition and fees
for that term. The student may apply for readmission for the next
term.

SUSPENSION

Students may be required to sever their connection with the
University for a specified period of time for non-academic reasons
by disciplinary action as outlined in the Student Handbook. In
extreme cases when a student represents a severe and immediate
threat to the well-being of the University community, the President
may suspend the student. Students may apply for readmission after
the period of suspension has lapsed.

READMISSION

Students who withdraw voluntarily from or who are suspended
by the University may apply for readmission. Applications for
readmission are available from the Office of the Associate Dean of
the College. They must be returned along with all required
materials no later than six weeks prior to the first day of classes
in the term for which readmission is requested. Readmission depends
upon the review and action of the Committee on the Automatic Rule
and Readmissions. Students will not be readmitted for a spring term
unless that student has attended at least one of the two preceding
12-week terms in the same academic year.

DISMISSAL

Students may be required to sever permanently their
connection with the University by disciplinary action as outlined
in the Student Handbook. In extreme cases when a student represents
a severe and immediate threat to the well-being of the University
community, the President may dismiss the student. Students who are
dismissed are precluded from returning to Washington and Lee.

UNIVERSITY ASSEMBLY

1. From time to time, when appointed by the President, a
general meeting of the University body, including officers as well
as students, is held on the campus. The President, or someone
invited by him, delivers an address relating to a topic of general
interest.
2. Because such an assembly is a regular University
function, each student, whether an undergraduate or a student in
the Law School, is expected to attend.

STUDENT ASSEMBLY

From time to time the President may call a Student Assembly
for the consideration of matters relating purely to student
affairs. A Student Assembly may be attended by both students and
faculty. Attendance is voluntary.

COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES

Attendance is required of all seniors at the official
exercises of Commencement Day. Students who, without excuse,
willfully absent themselves from the Commencement exercises will
not be awarded their diploma until the next date upon which degrees
are awarded. Under extraordinary circumstances the Executive
Committee of the Faculty is empowered to give approval to written
requests, presented in advance, for exemption from these
regulations.

STUDENTS' RIGHTS OF ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL RECORDS

Under the provisions of The Family Educational Rights and
Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (often referred to as the "Buckley
Amendment"), students attending a post-secondary educational
institution may examine their permanent record maintained by the
institution to assure the accuracy of its contents.
A more thorough explanation of a student's rights and
privileges under this law is contained in the Student Handbook, a
copy of which is made available to each student upon matriculation.
Further information may be obtained from the Office of the Dean of
Students or from the University Registrar.
It should be noted that the University does NOT retain
confidential letters of recommendation from secondary school
teachers, guidance counselors, alumni and others after a decision
has been made on a given application for admission, i. e., such
information does not become a part of the student's permanent file
and hence is not available to the student under the Act.

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

The participation of students in certain extracurricular
activities is subject to a number of rules and regulations dealing
with eligibility.
1. Students may engage in intercollegiate athletic
contests only with the approval of the University physician.
2. No student shall represent this University in any
branch of intercollegiate athletics who is not regularly
matriculated, taking in the College or the Williams School a
minimum of 10 credits of class work during the fall and winter
terms or 3 credits during the spring term, or taking a minimum of
12 hours of class work in the School of Law. In addition to these
term requirements, students must attempt at least 24 credits during
the academic year to be eligible for participation in
intercollegiate athletics.
3. Students placed on academic probation are ineligible
for participation in more than one student extracurricular activity
during the period of their probation. Activities included are all
intercollegiate athletics for athletes and managers alike,
individual musical and theatrical organizations, editorial and
business staffs of publications, all elective and appointive
student positions, and intercollegiate debating.
4. No athletic contests shall be scheduled for two days
prior to the beginning of or during examinations, and no contests
shall be scheduled away from Lexington during the five days prior
to the beginning of examinations unless prior approval is given by
the Director of Athletics, the chair of the University Athletic
Committee, and the Dean of the College.
5. No student shall be a member of more than one
intercollegiate athletic organization at the same time.
6. No exception shall be made to Rules 4 or 5 except by
previously obtained consent of the Faculty Executive Committee.

AUTOMOBILE REGULATIONS

All Washington and Lee students, subject to certain
restrictions, are permitted to own and operate motor vehicles at
the University during the academic year.
Students wishing to operate a motor vehicle within Lexington
and Rockbridge County are required to have a valid driver's license
from their home state and are responsible for familiarizing
themselves with all regulations pertaining to the operation,
registration, and parking of motor vehicles at Washington and Lee.
These regulations may be obtained from the Office of University
Security.
Although freshmen may have motor vehicles at Washington and
Lee, they will be required to park their vehicles in parking areas
which are located approximately one mile from the main part of the
campus. All students must register their motor vehicles with the
Director of University Security and display the required University
stickers. A parking fee is required upon registration for all
freshmen and upperclass students who wish to make use of University
student parking areas.

POLICY STATEMENT ON CAMPUS LIFE
(Adopted by the Board of Trustees, May 1985)

The Board of Trustees believes that one of its primary
responsibilities is to encourage the development and maintenance of
an environment within the University community which best promotes
the realization of our institutional goals. Those goals, according
to the University's Statement of Institutional Philosophy, include
the pursuit of our educational purpose in a climate of learning
that stresses the importance of the individual, the personal honor
and integrity of all students, and their harmonious relationships
with other members of the greater community. In this context, the
institutionalized extracurricular and social life of students
should contribute to these goals.
It is our desire that student self-government should be
encouraged and that a proper balance between student privilege and
responsibility should be sought and achieved. We recognize that all
members of the student body will spend a portion of their lives
apart from the institution and outside its governance. Students
must nonetheless remain aware that they are members of a University
community whose traditions, image and reputation can be harmed by
negative actions and behavior as well as being helped by positive
contributions. This awareness is especially important since the
University, lodged as it is within a larger community, must
encourage respect for local ordinances and law enforcement and
honor the claims of non-University persons for quiet and safety.
In all of its expression, the spirit of this Campus Life
statement places emphasis on concepts of honor, integrity,
standards of value, leadership, good character, respect for
traditions and personal responsibility. We do expect that
individual and group actions and behavior will be measured against
these concepts. It is our intention to hold accountable for the
successful implementation of this policy the administration, the
faculty, the students, and, indeed, this Board of Trustees.

POLICY STATEMENT ON FRATERNITIES

Social fraternities at Washington and Lee are a valuable and
integral part of both the University and Lexington communities; as
such, fraternity chapters have important privileges, as well as
responsibilities to those communities.
University interest in, and support of, fraternity chapters
has been continuous and strong, as evidenced, for example, by its
renovation of most chapter houses. As a particularly visible part
of the Washington and Lee community, fraternities - through the
actions and conduct of their members - reflect directly upon the
University and affect its efforts to attract new students and to
maintain active alumni support. Also, because chapters are located
in the residential areas of Lexington, such actions and conduct
affect the city and its residents.
Chapters therefore are required to maintain adequately the
physical appearance of fraternity property and to assure the
structural integrity of chapter houses. Chapter members are
expected to conform to standards of honorable conduct and to
exhibit a concern for the rights and sensibilities of others.
Enforcement of applicable University standards is the
responsibility of the Interfraternity Council and the Student
Affairs Committee.
It is expected that fraternities will comply in a
responsible manner with city codes and University guidelines
concerning student conduct and property maintenance and appearance.
To maintain these standards and to provide continuity in fraternity
relations, each chapter is to work in close cooperation with an
adviser approved by the University and with the chapter alumni
corporation which holds lease to the fraternity house and property.

FRATERNITY REGULATIONS

All social fraternities at Washington and Lee must comply
with the "Standards for Fraternities," adopted by the University in
October 1987. Copies of these standards are available in the Office
of the Dean of Students.
Each fraternity president and certain other officers are
required to live in the fraternity house.
To be initiated into a fraternity at Washington and Lee, a
student is required to be in residence for at least one full
12-week term, with a minimum cumulative grade-point average of 1.9.
The University Registrar maintains a record of the
cumulative and term grade-point averages of each fraternity. This
record is revised and published at the end of each term and is
included in the Interfraternity Council Rush Book.
No additional fraternities or sororities shall be organized
or established without the approval of the Student Affairs
Committee.

UNIVERSITY POLICY ON HAZING

Washington and Lee University prohibits hazing by all
students and campus organizations. Hazing is defined as a
harassing, excessive task associated with initiation or membership
in an organization. The Interfraternity Council and Panhellenic
Council provide more detailed examples of hazing that are
prohibited in their respective by-laws. All students and student
organizations, fraternities and sororities included, are subject to
suspension or expulsion if found guilty of any hazing which
involves physical abuse, compelled consumption of alcoholic
beverages, or any situation which endangers health or life. All
Washington and Lee students and organizations are subject to the
Commonwealth of Virginia statute on hazing [Virginia Code 18.2-56].
Violations of the University Policy on Hazing by a
fraternity or sorority will be reviewed by the Interfraternity
Council Judicial Board or the Panhellenic Judicial Board. If the
appropriate Judicial Board judges an incident to be serious, the
Board will refer the case to the Student Affairs Committee along
with a recommendation for expulsion, suspension, Critical
Probation, or no further action beyond the Board's sanctions.
Violations of the University Policy on Hazing by individual
student members of the Washington and Lee community will be
reviewed by the Student Conduct Committee. The Student Conduct
Committee will also review cases of alleged hazing by Washington
and Lee student organizations that are not a fraternity or
sorority.

STATEMENT ON PERSONAL CONDUCT
(Adopted by the Faculty - May 1992)

Admission to the Washington and Lee community carries with
it certain obligations concerning personal conduct. Some of these
obligations are specifically covered by the Honor System. Other
less specific obligations concern the way we treat each other. Lee
described the expectation at Washington College as "gentlemanly
behavior." Today, we interpret this to mean civil, decent behavior
designed to encourage mutual respect for our individual
differences, desires, and ways of thinking.
At Washington and Lee, we expect an atmosphere of civility
and mutual respect to prevail. Instances of uncivil behavior
involving students are most effectively dealt with in personal and
informal ways, not by formal and judicial procedures. Therefore,
members of the Washington and Lee community who believe themselves
to have been objects of such behavior should seek reconciliation by
personal consultation with friends, faculty, or others who may
intervene in the dispute. Instances of uncivil behavior involving
students may be reported to the Dean of Students who will take
appropriate action by resolving the matter, referring the matter to
the Mediator or, in appropriate cases, to the Student Conduct
Committee.

FACULTY POLICIES CONCERNING STUDENT DISCIPLINE
Statement of Goals for the Disciplinary System:

Washington and Lee is, above all else, an educational
institution. The purpose of all our institutional activities,
including our disciplinary proceedings, is to protect and promote
our educational objectives.
As an educational institution we aspire to create a special
community in which actual respect for the rights and autonomy of
the individual balances our concern for the welfare of the
community as a whole and the welfare of other individuals, at least
in the negative sense that we do not consciously become the agent
of harm to someone else. These aspirations inform and guide our
honor system, as well as our other disciplinary systems.
1. As provided in the University by-laws, the faculty has
authority over student disciplinary matters. To achieve a greater
resonance between faculty views on various issues and the views of
those immediately engaged in imposing disciplinary penalties, the
Dean of Students shall report on each offense to the faculty
meeting following the completion of all disciplinary action on that
offense; such a report is for the information of the faculty and
not for formal action. Faculty members may request more information
on such cases, and may, collectively or individually, express their
approval or disapproval of the handling of such cases either to the
Dean of Students or to the individual members of the disciplinary
bodies.
2. The disciplinary power of the University is independent
of prosecutorial or judicial action; its exercise is neither
demanded by pendency of state action nor prevented by the absence
or failure of state action.
3. At the Baccalaureate day meeting, there shall be only
two conditions required for faculty recommendation for a degree:
(1) that the candidate has met the academic requirements for a
degree, to which the University Registrar shall attest; and (2)
that there are no Washington and Lee disciplinary proceedings
pending against a candidate, to which the Dean of Students shall
attest.
4. The Student Conduct Committee, a wholly student group,
shall have primary, first-instance responsibility for deciding
misconduct cases and imposing penalties, with the exception of
violations of the Honor System or cases which fall under the
jurisdiction of the Student-Faculty Hearing Board. A student may
appeal a conviction and the penalty imposed by the Student Conduct
Committee to the Board of Appeals.

UNIVERSITY POLICY ON ILLEGAL DRUGS/CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

Washington and Lee University supports the Commonwealth of
Virginia and federal laws on the possession, use, sale, or transfer
of illegal drugs/controlled substances. It is the responsibility of
all members of the University community to abide by these laws. A
fundamental principle of the Washington and Lee University Policy
on Illegal Drugs/Controlled Substances is that students are adults
who are personally responsible for conforming their behavior to
federal, state and local laws and University policy.
The Washington and Lee campus is not a sanctuary and
University authorities will cooperate fully with law enforcement
agencies in support of drug laws. Drug use is illegal and has no
place at Washington and Lee.
Through the appropriate University administrative offices,
committees and organizations, Washington and Lee University will
conduct an on-going educational program to acquaint students with
the Commonwealth of Virginia laws on drugs, with the health dangers
of drug abuse, and with the medical and counseling resources
available for students. The educational program will also include
efforts to promote personal responsibility and accountability.
A student who violates the Washington and Lee University
prohibition against illegal drugs will be referred to the Student
Conduct Committee under the following judicial procedures:
Possession/Use - Direct referral to the Student Conduct
Committee.
Sale - Direct referral to the Student Conduct Committee with
the recommendation that the student be suspended immediately from
the University.
Arrest - When a student is arrested for violation of drug
laws, the Dean of Students will review the circumstances of the
case with the Chairman of the Student Conduct Committee.
ù When the arrest is for possession/use, the case
will be referred to the Student Conduct Committee. The SCC will
take no action until the criminal proceeding, including appeal, is
finalized by either acquittal, conviction, plea bargain or
settlement, or dropping of the charge.
ù When the arrest is for the sale of illegal drugs,
the student will be subject to immediate suspension from the
University by the SCC based on a recommendation from the Dean of
Students. If the student is not suspended, the SCC will take no
action until the criminal proceeding, including appeal, is
finalized by either acquittal, conviction, plea bargain or
settlement, or dropping of the charge.
Removal from University Housing - If the student violates
University Drug Policy in University housing and is a resident of
University housing, the Dean of Freshmen/Director of Residence Life
may remove the student from housing without refund. If the student
resides in a University fraternity and violates University Drug
Policy in a fraternity house, the House Corporation, in accordance
with the Standards for Fraternities, may remove the student from
the house without refund.
Readmission - If a student is suspended for a violation of
the University Policy on Drugs, consideration of readmission to the
University is through the Committee on the Automatic Rule and
Readmission. If the student is a law student, readmission will be
determined by the Dean of the School of Law (or designee).
Referral - When a student is arrested for a violation of the
laws on illegal drugs/controlled substances or otherwise reported
for some incident related to the possession, or use of illegal
drugs/controlled substances, the Dean of Students (or designee)
shall meet with the student. If the Dean determines that there may
be personal problems related to illegal drugs/controlled substances
which need attention, or if the student has been reported for a
prior drug incident, the Dean will refer the student to the
University counseling service for consultation in addition to
applicable judicial procedures.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES POLICY ON WITHHOLDING OF DEGREES

The Board of Trustees reserves the right to withhold the
degree of a student who has been convicted by a state or federal
court of any drug-related felony until the satisfactory completion
of that student's court-imposed sentence, including any period of
probation.
The Board may postpone approval of a degree for any student
who has been charged with a drug-related felony by state or federal
authorities when such charge is pending at the time the degree is
to be awarded.

UNIVERSITY POLICY STATEMENT ON ALCOHOL

Washington and Lee University supports the Commonwealth of
Virginia laws on the licensing, distribution and consumption of
alcoholic beverages. It is the responsibility of all members of
the University community to abide by those laws. A fundamental
principle of the Washington and Lee University Policy on Alcohol is
that students are adults who are personally responsible for
conforming their behavior to state and local laws and University
policy.
Washington and Lee Security cooperates with the Lexington
Police, the Rockbridge County Sheriff and the Virginia Alcoholic
Beverage Control Board to promote awareness of and adherence to the
alcohol laws.
Through the appropriate University administrative offices,
committees and organizations, Washington and Lee University will
conduct an on-going educational program to acquaint students with
the Commonwealth of Virginia laws on alcohol, with the health
dangers of alcohol abuse, and with the medical and counseling
resources available for students. The educational program will also
include efforts to promote personal responsibility and
accountability.
Residence Halls - Alcoholic beverages are prohibited in all
of the freshman dormitories. In the upperclass residence halls,
students who are 21 years of age or older may use and possess
alcoholic beverages in accordance with the Commonwealth of Virginia
laws.
Judicial - Violations of the University Policy on Alcohol
will be reviewed by the Dean of Students (or designee). Violations
by law students will be reviewed by the Dean of the School of Law
(or designee). Based on the circumstances of the incident, the Dean
(or designee) may refer the case to the appropriate University
judicial body.
ù Individuals - The Student Conduct Committee has
jurisdiction to review violations of the policy by individual
Washington and Lee students.
ù Residence Halls - Violations of the policy by
individuals living in University residence halls will be initially
handled by the dorm counselor/resident assistant with referral to
the Student Conduct Committee if necessary.
ù Fraternities/Sororities - Violations of the policy by
a fraternity/sorority will be handled by the IFC Judicial
Board/Panhellenic Judicial Board.
ù Student Organizations - Violations of the policy by a
student organization that is not a fraternity or sorority will be
handled by the Student Conduct Committee.
Referral - When a student is arrested for a violation of the
Commonwealth of Virginia laws on alcohol, or otherwise reported for
an incident related to alcohol use or abuse, the Dean of Students
(or designee) shall meet with the student. If the Dean determines
that there may be personal problems related to alcohol which need
attention, or if the student has been reported for a prior alcohol
incident, the Dean will refer the student to the University
counseling service for consultation in addition to applicable
judicial procedures.

POLICY AND PROCEDURES ON SEXUAL MISCONDUCT

Washington and Lee is committed to providing for its members
an environment that is free from sexual misconduct. It is the
policy of the University that no member of the University community
may sexually exploit another individual. Because of the serious
nature of acts of sexual misconduct, procedures have been developed
to insure that such cases are pursued with sensitivity and
fairness. As a matter of policy, the institution also encourages
the accuser in these cases to pursue appropriate action in the
courts.
Sexual misconduct is defined as inappropriate physical
conduct or threat of a sexual nature. Examples include:
ù Unwanted sexual contact
ù Forced sexual contact
ù Physical assault with sexual intent
ù Sexual intercourse without consent - by means of force,
threat, intimidation or victim incapacity
ù Use of a position of authority in any University
course, program, activity or organization in an attempt to obtain
sexual favors.
The Student-Faculty Hearing Board (SFHB) is authorized to
hear and adjudicate allegations of sexual misconduct involving
Washington and Lee students. The SFHB consists of four students
appointed by the Executive Committee and four faculty appointed by
the Dean of the College. For a complete listing of policies see the
Student Handbook.

UNIVERSITY POLICY ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Washington and Lee University is committed to providing its
students, faculty, and staff a place of study and work that is free
from sexual harassment. It is the policy of the University that no
member of the University community may sexually harass another.
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and
other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute
sexual harassment when:
a) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly
or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's educational or
employment advancement;
b) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an
individual is used as the basis for academic or employment
decisions affecting that individual; or
c) such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially
interfering with an individual's academic or work performance or
creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive educational or
employment environment.
Allegations of violations of this policy will be
investigated and resolved in a prompt, equitable, and sensitive
manner. The officer responsible for initial investigation will be
the Associate Dean of Students (the Mediator). By faculty policy,
allegations of sexual misconduct by students against other students
will be referred to the Mediator in accordance with the University
Policy and Procedures on Sexual Misconduct.



THE COLLEGE

John William Elrod, Ph.D.
President of the University

William Lad Sessions, Ph.D.
Acting Dean of the College

Cecile West-Settle, Ph.D.
Associate Dean of the College



FACULTY (see full faculty listing under Matters of Record)


PURPOSES OF THE COLLEGE

The purposes of the College are several: to provide the
essentials of a liberal education to all undergraduates before they
separate into their fields of specialization; to offer courses and
majors leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of
Science; to encourage independent work and scholarly investigation;
and to present courses preliminary to professional training in such
fields as engineering, journalism, law, and medicine.
All freshmen in the University are members of the College.
Their work will be taken in those studies which, in the opinion of
the faculty, provide the fundamentals of a liberal education. The
prescriptions of this first year make possible an intelligent
freedom in later years of study and a wise choice of a major field.
During the May registration for the fall term of their sophomore
year, all freshmen who wish to enter the Ernest Williams II School
of Commerce, Economics, and Politics will register in the office of
the dean of that school. All other freshmen will consult with their
faculty advisers in the selection of their courses for their
sophomore year.
The aim of the work of the first two years is the
achievement of breadth; the work of the junior and senior years is
directed toward the mastery of a particular study. Students who
expect to receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts will do their
major work in the liberal arts and humanities, the social sciences,
or the natural sciences; the student who expects to receive the
degree of Bachelor of Science will take specialized work in the
natural sciences.
The College offers the Bachelor of Arts degree, the Bachelor
of Science degree, and the Bachelor of Science degree with Special
Attainments in Chemistry. A student may work toward either a B.A.
with a major in a single department, or a B.A. in an
interdepartmental grouping or in Independent Work. A student may
also work toward a B.S. in biology, chemistry,
chemistry-engineering, computer science, geology, mathematics,
neuroscience, physics-engineering, psychology, interdepartmental
natural sciences and mathematics, or in Independent Work, or the
B.S. with Special Attainments in Chemistry. Interdepartmental
majors are planned to provide concentration in a field rather than
in a single department.
A major in Independent Work, leading to a B.A. or B.S., is
available to students who before the beginning of their junior year
receive special permission from the Committee on Courses and
Degrees. (See "Major in Independent Work.") The work may be in the
humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences, or any
combination of these fields. There are also combined-plan programs
in engineering in cooperation with Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Columbia University, and Washington University and a
combined plan program in forestry in cooperation with Duke
University.



THE BACCALAUREATE DEGREE

The curriculum at Washington and Lee University permits
students flexibility and individual responsibility in their choice
of courses. With the help of a faculty adviser, students choose a
series of courses that will lead them along one of several routes
to a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree.
A student qualifies for a degree by completing the following
requirements of the Faculty:
1. The General Education Requirements (see "General
Education Requirements," page 75). These will usually be met during
the freshman and sophomore years.
2. A minimum of 121 credits with passing grades, including
one credit (five courses) for 100- and 200-1evel work in physical
education. A student must achieve at least the following cumulative
grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at Washington and
Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet degree
requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a whole and
in the major subject.
3. 30 to 50 credits in a major. Majors may be
departmental, interdepartmental, independent, or in one of the
special programs. (See "The Major.") The work of the major, both as
a whole and in the major subject, must be completed with a
grade-point average of 2.0 or better.

THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE

The candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts must,
before graduation, complete the following requirements of the
faculty:
1. A student must submit a minimum of 121 credits (See
"The Baccalaureate Degree") with passing grades, including one
credit (five courses) for 100- and 200-1evel work in physical
education. A student must achieve at least the following
cumulative grade-point averages: 1.9 on all work attempted at
Washington and Lee; 2.0 on all Washington and Lee work used to meet
degree requirements; and 2.0 on the work of the major, both as a
whole and in the major subject.
2. A distribution of courses according to the
specifications given under "General Education Requirements."
3. The work in a major as outlined by the department or
interdepartmental program concerned.
The student may elect to meet these requirements of the B.A.
degree in conjunction with first-year law at Washington and Lee.

THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE

The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred upon those
students who have completed a course of study with concentration
(50 credits) in the field of the natural sciences, mathematics, and
computer science, and who have fulfilled the above requirements of
the faculty. The degree is designed for those who are attracted by
scientific work, whether or not their plans involve its direct
application, and for those who intend to pursue graduate study in
certain scientific fields.
Students should seek advice from a member of the appropriate
departments in planning their schedules. Opportunities for
concentration include biology, chemistry, chemistry-engineering,
computer science, geology, mathematics, neuroscience, physics,
physics-engineering, psychology, or the interdepartmental major in
the natural sciences and mathematics.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH SPECIAL ATTAINMENTS IN CHEMISTRY

The requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with
Special Attainments in Chemistry are flexible enough to meet the
needs of all undergraduate students who are seriously interested in
chemistry. The curriculum affords an excellent basis for graduate
work, either with a view to teaching or research, or for chemical
engineering. It also provides the full training ordinarily expected
of college graduates at the bachelor's level who seek positions as
chemists in industry. Upon satisfactory completion of this course
of study, the student is offered associate membership status in the
American Chemical Society. (See Chemistry in the "Courses of
Study.")

THE FRESHMAN YEAR

Entering freshmen are expected to select courses which will
enable them to begin satisfying the general education requirements,
to explore possibilities for a major and, perhaps, to continue
study in a field of special interest to them. To assist in the
selection of courses, freshmen are assigned faculty advisers with
whom they confer during the first week of the academic year and who
remain available for consultation until a major is chosen. In
certain fields placement tests will be offered on an optional basis
to entering freshmen, and their results, along with any advanced
placement reports, will be used in determining the level of work
which should be pursued.
In choosing courses freshmen should consider that the skills
in mathematics and language study they have acquired may
deteriorate if they do not continue work in them immediately. They
should also be sure to take the courses prerequisite to later work
they desire. If they are interested in working for the degree of
Bachelor of Science or for the Bachelor of Arts with a major in
science, including premedical work, they should register for
mathematics and science in their freshman year. Chemistry is
required for majors in biology, chemistry or chemistry-engineering,
and for those planning careers in medicine. Physics 108, 109 is the
normal choice for freshmen intending to major in physics or
physics-engineering. Students planning to major in geology or
related earth sciences should take geology, and chemistry or
physics. Students planning to major in biology should, if
qualified, take both chemistry and biology in the freshman year.
Students planning to major in business administration, business
administration and accounting, or economics are advised to take
mathematics; those planning to major in politics are advised to
take statistics. All students, in planning their first year, should
examine the requirements for any major of potential interest listed
under "Courses of Study."
Students considering graduate work should consult their
advisers with regard to possible language and mathematics
requirements for advanced degrees.

GENERAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS

The goals of a liberal education include both breadth of
knowledge (general education) and competency in a specialized
discipline or field of knowledge (the major). The general education
component seeks to expose students to various modes of thought and
to the variety of ideas and values in today's world. Students need
to demonstrate particular proficiencies to assure their general
education and have a reasonable degree of choice in making course
selections to meet these requirements. In every case the
requirement can be satisfied by students' placement examinations or
by taking a course or courses. No single course may satisfy more
than one general education requirement. The requirements are:

1. English Composition.
The English department will assess the proficiency of
entering students by a placement examination. The most proficient
will be exempt from the composition requirement. Others may
demonstrate their proficiency by completing successfully one of the
following courses - English 101 or 105.

2. Foreign Language.
Entering students who demonstrate, on placement tests
administered by the language departments, that they are qualified
to enter third-year language courses have met this foreign language
requirement. All others may meet it by completing satisfactorily
one of the following courses - Chinese 262, French 152 or 162,
German 262, Greek 202, Japanese 262, Latin 202, Russian 262, or
Spanish 162 or 164.

3. Literature.
To meet this requirement a student must take two
courses (six credits of work) from among the following:
a. all courses listed under the title "Literature in
Translation."
b. Chinese 312.
c. Classics 201, 202, 300 (History 300).
d. English - all 200- and 300-1evel courses except
201, 203, 204, 301, 303, 307, 308, 370, 385, and 386.
e. French 262 and all 300-1evel courses.
f. German - all 300-1evel courses except 301, 302,
303, 311, 312, 321, 325, 332, and 334. German 321 is acceptable if
the subject is literary.
g. Greek - all 300-1evel courses except 307 and
308.
h. Japanese 311, 312.
i. Latin - all 300-1evel courses.
j. Religion 206 (Literature in Translation 206).
k. Russian 315, 316.
l. Spanish 207, 208, and all 300-1evel
courses.
m. 400-level courses in Chinese, Italian, and
Japanese if the subject matter is literary.

4. Fine Arts, History, Philosophy, and Religion.

A student must take at least 12 credits from at least
two of the following four areas:
a. Fine Arts - Classics 200, 287 and 288, Medieval
and Renaissance Studies 110; all art courses below the 400 level;
all music courses below the 400 level except Music 100, 101, 108,
109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 361, 362 and the applied music
courses; and all theatre courses below the 400 level except Theatre
142, 242 and 397.
b. History - Classics 300 and all history courses
below the 400 level except History 190.
c. Philosophy - Classics 221, Greek 302 and all
philosophy courses below the 400 level except Philosophy 305.
d. Religion - Sociology 221 and all religion courses
below the 400 level except Religion 200 and 206.

5. Science and Mathematics.

A student is required to complete 10 credits in
science and mathematics, including at least four credits of
laboratory science from requirement "5a" and a course chosen from
requirement "5b" below:
a. Laboratory science courses
Biology 100, 111 or 112
Chemistry 100 or 111
Geology 100 or 101
Physics 101, 108, 109, 150, or 151
b. Mathematics 101, 121, Computer Science 101, 110
c. Additional courses in mathematics or science
used to complete this requirement:
Any of the courses above not used to meet
requirement "5a" or "5b"
Biology 230, 235, 240
Chemistry 104, 105, 106, 112
Computer Science 111
Engineering 160
Geology 102, 104, 108, 135, 140, 146, 150, 160,
195, 201, 210, 247
Mathematics 102, 118, 122
Physics 102, 104, 110

6. Social Sciences.

A student must take at least nine credits from at
least two of the following four areas:
a. Economics 101, 102
b. Politics 100, 101, 104, 111, 201, 203
(Journalism 203), 214, 233
c. Cognitive Science 110, Psychology 111, 112, 113
d. Anthropology 101, 205, 207, Sociology 102, 200
(Religion 200), 202, 225

7. Physical Education.

A student is required to pass a proficiency test in
swimming and to complete five (5) terms of physical education
activity classes selected from Physical Education 101 to 214. (See
page 173.)

THE MAJOR

The Bachelor of Arts degree is given with majors in the
following departments and special programs:

Archaeology and Anthropology
Art History
Biology
Chemistry
Classics
Cognitive Science
Computer Science
East Asian Studies
Economics
English
Environmental Studies in Geology
Forestry and Environmental Studies (3-2)
French
Geology
German language
German literature
History
Independent Work
Journalism and Mass Communications
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Medieval and Renaissance Studies
Music
Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Philosophy
Physics
Politics
Psychology
Public Policy
Religion
Romance Languages
Russian Studies
Sociology and Anthropology
Spanish
Studio Art
Theatre

The Bachelor of Science degree is given in the following
departments and special programs:

Biology
Chemistry
Chemistry-Engineering
Chemistry-Engineering (3-2)
Computer Science
Forestry and Environmental Studies (3-2)
Geology
Independent Work
Law (3-3)
Mathematics
Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Neuroscience
Physics
Physics-Engineering
Physics-Engineering (3-2)
Psychology


The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Chemistry is a special program designed primarily for those who
wish to pursue graduate work in chemistry or chemistry-engineering.

The Bachelor of Science degree with Special Attainments in
Commerce is given in:

Business Administration
Business Administration and Accounting
Law (3-3)

The requirements for departmental majors are described at
the beginning of the course listings for each department. (See
"Courses of Study.")
Students who wish to follow a program not outlined in this
catalogue may choose an adviser prior to the beginning of their
junior year and present an "independent work major" program for
approval by the Committee on Courses and Degrees. Such a major may
be used for either the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science
degree. Application for an independent major will not be accepted
after the first term of a student's junior year.
Students may major in more than one department by completing
the requirements of each department. Those who find a double major
more attractive should recognize the costs in constrained breadth
of education (i.e. fewer electives) and consider the option of a
secondary emphasis without fulfilling formally the requirements of
a second major.

DECLARATION AND CHANGE OF MAJOR

When a student decides upon a major, he or she works out a
course of study with the head of that department. A student who
elects more than one major must work out a course of study with the
heads of departments involved. When majors involve two different
schools or two different degrees, the University Registrar must be
informed of the student's preference as to school and degree. This
must be done by the time of registration for the fall term of the
student's junior year, at which time a "Declaration of Major and
Adviser" form must be filled out and filed in the University
Registrar's Office. Failure to do so constitutes incomplete
registration and will be subject to a late registration fee. Each
subsequent registration week the student confers with his or her
adviser(s) on progress toward the major(s) and makes any
appropriate revisions.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the
catalogue, the faculty may change the requirements to satisfy any
major after a student has commenced studies at the University. In
this case, the student, upon declaring a major, may be required to
satisfy the major requirements as revised.
Change of major requires approval of the head of the new
department on a "Declaration of Major and Adviser" form. After the
spring term of the student's junior year and before the beginning
of the winter term of the senior year, a student may change majors
only with permission of the Faculty Executive Committee. Thereafter
the student may not change his or her declared major (or the degree
of which that major is a component), except that a student with two
or more majors may drop all but one with permission of the
Committee if that student has not failed a comprehensive
examination.

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONS

A comprehensive examination is given to all seniors majoring
in classics, English, geology (leading to a Bachelor of Science
degree), and German literature. The examination is given on a date
in the winter or spring term set in advance by the department
concerned.
Grades given on the examination will be Excellent, Pass, or
Fail. A student receiving a failing grade must re-take and pass the
comprehensive examination before being permitted to graduate.
A student working toward a combination degree (3-3 law or
3-2 forestry) will not take a comprehensive examination.

MAJOR IN INDEPENDENT WORK

Students who are making satisfactory progress toward a
degree (i.e., not on academic probation) and who believe they would
benefit educationally from a major not outlined in this catalogue
may prepare a proposal for a major of independent work. The Dean of
the College has guidelines and forms for preparing such a proposal.
Working with faculty advisers from at least two disciplines, the
student should develop a clear and coherent plan of study that
promises benefits unobtainable from an established major. The
program should consist of 30 to 50 credits and must be the only
major the student is pursuing. The proposal should be submitted to
the Committee on Courses and Degrees prior to the beginning of the
junior year but in no case later than October 15 of the junior
year. Once approval is granted, any subsequent changes must be
approved by the Committee on Courses and Degrees.
Students majoring in independent work are allowed to apply
for an honors program. The major will be noted on transcripts as,
for example, "Independent Work (Renaissance and Reformation
Studies)."

HONORS IN THE MAJOR

In order to encourage independent work and scholarly
investigation by students and to foster their intellectual
curiosity, a number of departments have established programs
leading to a degree "with honors" in the major. Such programs
provide an enhancement of the regular program for departmental
majors and also of interdepartmental and independent majors.
Featuring a special profundity and intensity, and characterized by
a close rapport between student and mentor, the honors programs are
designed as an enrichment opportunity for students who demonstrate
superior aptitude and self-discipline in the pursuit of their major
study.
Descriptions of the honors programs of individual
departments may be obtained from the department heads. Interested
students should make inquiry by the time of declaration of major,
in order to identify any special admission requirements or related
standards that have been set by the department for its particular
honors program.
Participants in the University Scholars program, in meeting
the requirements of that special program, are encouraged to
undertake honors work in their chosen major.

Admission into Honors Work

A prospective honors student applies in writing to the
departmental head or major adviser. In general, application must be
made by May 1 of the junior year; in certain departments, earlier
application is required (often to accommodate special course work
in the junior year).
In all departments, admission into honors work is subject
to availability of advisory staff and assessment of the
individual's ability to profit significantly from the program's
special demands.
Minimum eligibility for honors candidacy is a 3.0 cumulative
grade-point average by the time of enrollment in the honors thesis
courses (numbered in the 490s). Many departments have established
additional eligibility requirements for their own honors programs,
such as special academic standing within the department, and these
criteria must also be met.

Requirements for Honors in the Major

All Honors programs require an Honors Thesis during the
senior year, involving 6 credits (no more, no less) of independent
work, such as a significant report based upon field or laboratory
research, a creative accomplishment in the arts, or a comparable
scholarly undertaking demonstrating more than simply a mastery of
subject matter.
The student must begin work on the thesis at the start of
the fall term of the senior year. Background work on the thesis
topic normally is expected to be in progress by the end of the
junior year, and the subject and approach for the thesis should
already be established before the start of the senior year's thesis
work. Work on the thesis is to be accompanied by periodic
conferences with the adviser and the submitting of interim reports
showing the progress achieved to that point. (Only under
extraordinary circumstances - not general practice - may the thesis
work be assigned entirely to a single term, and in such an instance
the student must be prepared to begin intensive work on the thesis
itself by the first week of the term, the subject and approach
already having been established in preliminary study.)
The final draft of the thesis is due by May 1 (or by the end
of the winter term in certain departments). A permanent copy of the
thesis must be deposited in the Leyburn Library.
Remaining credits in the major are gained in regular course
work, honors seminars, internships, directed individual study or
tutorials, or a combination of these as prescribed in the
department's program. Many departments require a comprehensive
examination (written and/or oral) and/or a formal oral presentation
and defense of the completed thesis.
Upon successful completion of an approved honors program,
the student is awarded a bachelor's degree "with honors" in the
major, and, for those also participating as University Scholars,
the additional citation of "University Scholar."
An Honors program may prescribe no more than 3/4 of a normal
course load for a student in the junior and senior years, so that
adequate time for free electives is permitted.
Credits and Grades

Degree credits and grades for the thesis work will be
awarded on completion of the thesis and any honors examinations, in
the manner customary for completed projects and courses. These
credits will be spread over the fall and winter terms of the senior
year, under the rubric 493 (3-3), Honors Thesis.
A student's continuing eligibility as an honors candidate
will be determined by subjecting that student's work to periodic
review based on the level of work to that point.
A student who resigns or is dropped from an honors program
will not ordinarily be readmitted; completed work would in such
cases be translated by the student's advisers into alternate course
credits, with grades, appropriate to a regular major. In this
manner, a student not successfully completing all the requirements
for the honors citation might still be able to graduate with the
class, but without receiving an honors citation.



INTERDEPARTMENTAL MAJORS

MAJOR IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE

An interdisciplinary cognitive science major gives students
the opportunity to investigate the nature of the human mind from
the perspectives of computer science, philosophy, and psychology.
The bridge areas of artificial intelligence, logic, linguistics,
and neuroscience are of particular importance in developing models
of the cognitive capacities underlying intelligent behavior.
Memory, language, vision, concept formation, and problem solving
are some of the areas currently under investigation.
The required core curriculum of the cognitive science major